Formation of Carbocation

What is Organic Chemistry?

• Introduction
• Elements of a Chemical Reaction
• Components of a Chemical Reaction

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Atom

• Size of an atom- The world belongs to the tiniest!
• Power of Protons
• Mass Number
• Average Atomic Mass
• Molecule and Molecular Mass
• The Electrons- An Atom’s Reactive Component
• Atomic Orbitals- s, p, d, f
• Filing of Atomic Orbitals and Writing Electronic Configuration
• Valence and Core Electrons- How to Determine

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Bonding In Atoms

• Octet Rule - Introduction and Bonding
• Limitations of Octet Rule
• Ionic Bond- Introduction and Formation
• Formation of Ionic Compound
• Requirements for Ionic Bonding
• Appearance and Nature of Ionic Compounds
• Physical Properties of Ionic Solids- Conductance, Solubility, Melting Point, and Boiling Point
• Covalent Bond - How it Forms
• Covalent Bond - Why it Forms?
• Covalent Bond - Bond Pair (Single, Double, Triple) and Lone Pair
• Number of Covalent Bonds- Valency
• Types of Covalent Bonds- Polar and Nonpolar
• Metallic Bond - Introduction and Nature
• Significance of Metallic Bonding
• Impact of Metallic Bonding on the Physical Properties
• Applications of Metallic Bonding
• Difference Between Metallic and Ionic Bond

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Covalent Bond

• Theories on Covalent Bond Formation
• Valence Bond Theory- Introduction and Covalent Bond Formation
• Valence Bond Theory- Types of Orbital Overlap Forming Covalent Bonds
• Applications, Limitations, and Extensions of Valence Bond Theory
• Hybridization- Introduction and Types
• sp³ Hybridization of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
• sp² Hybridization of Carbon, Carbocation, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
• sp Hybridization of Carbon and Nitrogen
• Shortcut to Determine Hybridization
• The shape of sp hybrid orbital - Why is the lobe unequal?
• VSEPR Theory- Introduction
• Difference between Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure
• Finding Electron Pair Geometry and Related Shape
• Predicting Electron-Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure Guideline
• Predicting Electron pair geometry and Molecular structure - Examples
• Finding Electron-Pair Geometry and Shape in Multicentre Molecules
• Drawbacks of VSEPR Theory
• Electron Wave Property, LCAO and MOT - Introduction
• Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Formation of Sigma and Pie bonds using MO Approach
• The Energetics of Bonding and Antibonding Molecular orbitals
• Conditions for the Valid Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals  
• Features of LCAO Theory
• Finding the Electronic Configuration of Molecules using MO and Predicting Comparative Stability using Bond Order
• Setting up the MO diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecules – Second Period Elements
• Setting up the Molecular Orbital Diagram for Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
• The Non-bonding Molecular Orbitals
• Weakness of the Molecular Orbital Theory
• Covalent bond Characteristics - Bond Length
• Factors affecting Bond Length
• How does Electron delocalization (Resonance) affect the Bond length?
• Covalent bond Characteristics- Bond Angle
• Factors affecting Bond Angle
• Covalent bond Characteristics - Bond Order
• How Bond Order Corresponds to the Bond Strength and Bond Length
• Solved Examples of Bond Order Calculations
• Covalent Bond Rotation
• Covalent Bond Breakage
• Covalent Bond Properties -Physical State, Melting and Boiling Points, Electrical Conductivity, Solubility, Isomerism, Non-ionic Reactions Rate, Crystal structure

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Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond

• Electronegativity- Introduction
• Factors Affecting Electronegativity- Atomic number, Atomic size, Shielding effect
• Factors Affecting Electronegativity-s-orbitals, Oxidation state, Group electronegativity
• Application of Electronegativity in Organic Chemistry
• Physical Properties Affected by Electronegativity
• Inductive effect - Introduction, Types, Classification, and Representation
• Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Electronegativity
• Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Order and Charge
• Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Position
• Application of Inductive Effect- Acidity Enhancement and Stabilization of the counter ion due to -I effect
• Application of Inductive Effect-Basicity enhancement and stabilization of the counter ion due to +I effect
• Application of Inductive Effect-Stability of the Transition States
• Application of Inductive Effect-Elevated Physical Properties of Polar Compounds
• Is the Inductive Effect the same as Electronegativity?
• Resonance - Introduction and Electron Delocalization
• Partial Double Bond Character and Resonance Hybrid
• Resonance Energy
• Significance of Planarity and Conjugation in Resonance
• p-orbital Electron Delocalization in Resonance
• Sigma Electron Delocalization (Hyperconjugation)
• Significance of Hyperconjugation
• Resonance Effect and Types
• Structure Drawing Rules of Resonance (Includes Summary)
• Application of Resonance
• Introduction to Covalent Bond Polarity and Dipole Moment
• Molecular Dipole Moment
• Lone Pair in Molecular Dipole Moment
• Applications of Dipole Moment
• Formal Charges - Introduction and Basics
• How to Calculate Formal Charges (With Solved Examples)
• Difference between Formal charges and Oxidation State

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Common Types of Reactions

• Classification of common reactions based on mechanisms
• Addition Reactions
• Elimination Reactions (E1, E2, E1cb)
• Substitutions (S_N1, S_N2, S_NAr, Electrophilic, Nucleophilic)
• Decomposition
• Rearrangement
• Oxidation-Reduction

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Drawing Organic Structures

• Introduction
• Empirical Formula
• How to Calculate Empirical Formula from percentage composition and atomic masses
• Related Numerical Problems - Finding Empirical Formula (Solved)
• Molecular Formula
• Numerical Problems related to finding molecular formula  (Solved)
• How to calculate molecular formula from empirical formula and molecular masses
• Hill Nomenclature - The Empirical and Molecular Formula Writing Rules
• E/Z Nomenclature -  Structure Writing Rules for Substituted Alkenes
• Kekulé
• Condensed
• Skeletal or Bond line
• Polygon formula
• Lewis Structures- What are Lewis structures and How to Draw
• Rules to Draw Lewis structures- With Solved Examples
• Lewis structures- Solved Examples, Neutral molecules, Anions, and Cations
• Limitation of Lewis structures
• 3D structure representation- Dash and Wedge line
• Molecular models for organic structure representation- Stick model, Ball-stick, and Space-filling
• Newman Projection- Introduction and Importance
• How to Draw Newman Projections from Bond-Line Formula (5 step-by-step solved examples on alkane, substituted alkane, alkene, ketone, and cycloalkane)
• Drawing Newman Projections to the Bond line Formula (solved examples)
• Sawhorse Projection

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Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

• What are functional groups?
• Chemical and Physical Properties affected by the Functional Groups
• Identifying Functional Groups by name and structure
• Functional Group Categorization- Exclusively Carbon-containing Functional Groups
• Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Single Bond
• Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Multiple Bonds
• Rules for IUPAC nomenclature of Polyfunctional Compounds
• Examples of polyfunctional compounds named according to the priority order
• Examples of reactions wherein the functional group undergoes transformations

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Structural Isomerism

• Introduction
• Chain Isomerism
• Position Isomerism
• Functional Isomerism
• Tautomerism
• Metamerism
• Ring-Chain Isomerism

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Intermolecular Forces

• Ion-Dipole Interactions-Introduction and Occurrence
• Factors Affecting the Ion-Dipole Strength
• Importance of Ion-Dipole Interactions
• Ion-Induced Dipole - Introduction, Strength and Occurrence
• Factors Affecting the Strength of Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions
• Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions in Polar Molecules
• Vander Waals Forces -Introduction
• Examples of Vander Waals' forces
• Vander Waals Debye (Polar-Nonpolar) Interactions
• Factors affecting the Strength of Debye Forces
• Vander Waals Keesom Force - Introduction, Occurrence and Strength
• Vander Waals London Force - Introduction, Occurrence, And Importance
• Factors Affecting the Strength of London Dispersion Forces- Atomic size and Shape
• Introduction, Occurrence and Donor, Acceptors of Hydrogen Bond
• Hydrogen bond Strength, Significance and Types
• Factors Affecting Hydrogen Bond Strength
• Impact of Hydrogen bonding on Physical Properties- Melting and boiling point, Solubility, and State
• Calculation of the Number of Hydrogen Bonds and Hydrogen bond Detection

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Physical Properties

• Physical Properties- Introduction, Role of Intermolecular Forces
• Physical State Change-Melting Point
• Role of Symmetry, Role of Carbon numbers, Role of Geometry
• Physical State Change-Boiling Point
• Intermolecular Forces and their Effect on the Boiling Point, Role of Molecular Weight (Size), Molecular Shape, Polarity
• Boiling Point of Special Compounds- Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Fluoro compounds
• Solubility in Water
• Density
• Preliminary Qualitative Analysis of some Organic Compounds | Intensive Physical Property Measurements

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Fundamentals of Organic Reactions

• Types of Arrows Used in Chemistry
• Curved Arrows in Organic Chemistry- with Examples
• Electrophiles - Introduction, Identification and Reaction
• Formation and Classification of Electrophiles- Neutral and Charged
• Difference between Electrophiles and Lewis Acids
• Nucleophiles - Identification and Role in a Reaction
• Types of Nucleophiles- Lone Pair
• Types of Nucleophiles- Pie Bond
• Types of Nucleophiles- Sigma Bond
• Periodic Trend and Order in Nucleophilicity
• Introduction to Reactions Involving Nucleophiles
• Nucleophile Reactions- Aliphatic Displacement type - S_N1, S_N2
• Nucleophile Reactions- Acyl Displacement type
• Nucleophile reactions- Aromatic Displacement type- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic
• Addition Reactions- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, and Acyl
• Ambident Nucleophiles- Introduction and Formation
• Ambident Nucleophile - Nature of the Substrate
• Ambident Nucleophile- Influence of the Positive Counter Ions
• Ambident Nucleophile- Effect of Solvent
• Lone Pair - Introduction and Formation
• Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Shape and Bond Angle
• Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Hydrogen Bonding
• Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Polarity and Dipole Moment
• Chemical property affected by the Lone pair- Nucleophilicity
• Leaving Group - Introduction and Nature
• Good and Bad Leaving Group
• Factors Determining Stability of the Leaving Groups- Electronegativity, Size, Resonance Stability
• Using pKa as a Measure of Leaving Group Ability
• Leaving Groups in Displacement Reactions
• Leaving Groups in Elimination Reactions

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Reactive Intermediates

• Carbocation - Introduction, Nature, and Types
• Formation of Carbocation
• Stability of Carbocations- Inductive, Resonance, and Hyperconjugation
• Other Structural Features Increasing Carbocation Stability
• Structural Feature Decreasing Carbocation Stability
• Fate of the Carbocation
• General Carbocation Formation Reactions
• Carbanion - Introduction, Nature, and Types
• Formation of Carbanions
• Carbanion Stabilization
• Ease of Formation of Carbanion -Acidic proton
• Fate of the Carbanion
• Free Radical - Introduction and Types of Carbon-Centred Radicals
• Structure of Carbon-Centred Free Radical
• Formation of Radicals
• Stability of the Carbon-Centred Radicals
• Other Structural Feature Increasing Free Radical Stability
• Comparing Free Radical Stability using Dissociation energies (D-H)
• Fate of Free Radicals
• Common Reactions Involving Carbon-Free Radicals

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Stereoisomerism - Conformation and Configurational Isomerism

• Conformations in Organic Chemistry - An Introduction
• How are Conformational Isomers Depicted
• Open Chain and Closed Chain Conformations
• Nomenclature related to sp³-sp³ and sp³-sp² bond rotations
• Conformational Analysis
• Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions |Hyperconjugation
• Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding
• Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Dipole Minimizations
• Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Steric strain
• Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Torsional strain
• Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Angle strain
• Importance of Conformational Analysis
• Conformation in Compounds with Lone Pairs
• Role of Solvents in Conformations
• An Example of Conformation Dependent Reaction and Product Selectivity
• Geometrical Isomerism - Introduction
• Impact of cis-trans isomerism on physical properties
• Impact of cis-trans isomerism on chemical reactions
• Scope of Geometrical Isomerism in Biological Systems and Industrial Applications
• E/Z Nomenclature in Substituted Alkenes
   

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