Fundamentals of Organic Reactions

Curly Arrows - the curved and barbed arrows you might have seen in reactions have been the language of organic chemistry for over 100 years.

Learning Objective: To study the ambident nucleophiles and how and from which end they attack the substrates to undergo chemical reactions.

Learning Objective: To study the three types of addition reactions that nucleophiles undergo.

Skill Level - Intermediate

Learning Objective: To study the three broad types of displacement reactions that nucleophiles undergo.

Learning Objective: To learn about the trend and order of nucleophilicity for the p-block elements in the periodic table

Learning Objective: To study the nucleophiles that function as sigma bond donors that form Carbon, Hydrogen, and Halogen bonds with the substrate.

Learning Objective: To study the behavior of pi bonds containing nucleophiles seen in organic chemistry reactions.

Learning Objective: To study the types of nucleophiles commonly encountered in organic chemistry and their behavior in a chemical reaction.

Learning Objective: To study the formation and different categories of electrophiles commonly seen in organic chemistry. 

Learning Objective: To study the various examples of organic reactions where the leaving group departs from a molecule and also understand its vario

Learning Objective: To compare various groups on their ability to break off or 'leave'

Learning Objective: To study lone pair's role in chemical reactions as electron donors.

Learning Objective: To study the impact of lone pair on a molecule's polarity and dipole moment. 

Learning Objective: To study how the presence of a lone pair on the central atom of a molecule contributes to Hydrogen bonding, a type of intermolecular

Learning Objective: To investigate how the presence of a lone pair in a molecule affects its bond angle and, therefore, affects its shape.

Carbon is naturally inclined to form new bonds, and in this quest, it may break away from the old ones.

Covered in this article are two types of curved (curly arrows), fish-hook and double-headed. We have included examples that reveal how to read the electron flow in reactions. The electron source can be a lone pair, charges, or a bond.

Electrophiles love electrons, and without them, they become unstable.

Organic chemistry and human beings both pursue betterment and advancement.

What is a Lone Pair?

Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’

A comprehensive list of 18 types of the arrows frequently encountered in chemistry with examples - Chemical Reaction Arrow, Reversible Reaction Arrow, Equilibrium Reaction Arrow, Double Headed Curly Arrow, Fishhook Curly Arrow, Dashed Arrow, The Crossed or The Broken Arrow, Resonance Arrow, Retrosynthesis Arrow, Rearrangement Reaction arrow, Reflux Reaction Arrow, Orbital Electrons Arrow, Co-ordinate Covalent Bond Arrow, Upward Arrow (Gas Evolution), Downward Arrow (Precipitate), Clockwise and Anti-Clockwise/ Stereochemical Arrow, Wavy Arrow, and Dipole Moment Arrow.

Organic chemistry reactions involve electron-tr

When as

The meta directors are a class of atoms or a group of atoms that, when attached to an aromatic ring, render it with the ability to direct an incoming

Nucleophiles are an atom or a group of atoms that are richer by two electrons and donate these electrons to electron-deficient species, the electrophiles.

Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’s valence shell that did not participate in a covalent bond formation reaction; therefore, they are also called the non-b

How electrofuges and electrophiles work in polar mechanisms

What electrofuges and electrophiles are

Both terms describe electron-deficient species that arise in heterolytic reaction

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons and form a new covalent bond with an electron-deficient counterpart called the

While nucleophiles donate two electrons in exchange for forming two-electron covalent bonds with the electrophiles, the negative charge due to the two ele

Pre-Requisite Reading: Nucleophiles,