Electronic Displacement in a covalent bond
Browse CurlyArrows tutorials on electronic displacements in covalent bonds — covering electronegativity, inductive effect (+I and −I), resonance effect, hyperconjugation, mesomeric effect, dipole moment, molecular polarity, formal charges, and their applications in predicting chemical reactivity and physical properties.
Short Answer Question
Following the footsteps of Gilbert N. Lewis in understanding the nature of the covalent bond, Linus N. Pauling stumbled upon an interesting observation.
The atoms or group of atoms are classified based on the Inductive effect as electron-withdrawing (-I) or elect
Inductive, along with resonance effects, are permanent effects.
The +I effect is an electron-donating (or an electron-pushing) inductive effect by an atom or group of atoms relative to Hydrogen.
Pre-Requisite Reading: Electronegativity
The replacement of the hydrogen in acetic acid (H-CH2-COOH) with the chloro gives chloroacetic acid (Cl-CH2-COOH)
The dipole moment, a product of charge difference (q) and the distance (d) between the centres of positive and negative charg
Chemistry Glossary
A permanent dipole is an inherent feature of the molecule due to the nature of the participating atoms forming the two-electron covalent bond.
The redistribution of electrons in an atom, bond, or molecule creates two ends (or poles), one electron-rich negative and the other electron-deficient positive; such an atom, bond, or molecul
Electronegativity measures on a scale of 0.8 – 4 an atom’s or group of atoms’ tendency to attract the bond electron pair towards itself, thereby creating partial negative (δ-) and positive (δ
An atom or group of atoms that can pull the bond electrons towards itself or push the bond electrons from itself and decreasingly transmit the effect along the sigma (σ) bonds of the carbon c
Resonance theory explains various observed properties in a molecule using the electron delocalization concept and multiple Lewis structures, which a single Lewis structure cannot.
Article
Pre-Requisite Reading: Lewis Structures, Types of reactions, Using curly arrows for electron movement, Identifying Functional groups.
In this article we cover what is an inductive effect, how it occurs, two types of inductive effect with their examples, and finally how to represent an inductive effect on paper.
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