Drawing Organic Structures

A molecular formula expresses in positive whole numbers the total count of each atom in a molecule. 

Structural formulas are used to display covalently bonded molecules in the order they are bonded. The atoms may bond using single, double, or triple bonds.

Newman Projection is a way of representing the spatial relationship of groups attached to two adjacent carbon atoms in a molecule.

It is a way of visualizing the carbon atoms of an open-chain organic molecule from an oblique angle and projecting that image on a 2-dimensional paper to appear like a ca

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula; that is, they have the same atoms in exact numbers (or the same molar masses); however, they still differ in their structures.

Of all the electrons that form part of an atom, the valence electrons are the only ones that participate when atoms combine to form a bond.

Ever looked at a cloud formation and wondered at its shapes? Sometimes, it’s Winnie the Pooh, Snoopy the Dog, a dragon, or a man jet skiing.

In this style of observation, an onlooker imagines viewing an organic molecule three-dimensionally to study the arrangement of substituents around the carbon atoms. The viewer fixates his vision mainly along a Carbon-Carbon bond for drawing Newman projections.

Hills Nomenclature, also known as the Hills System or Hills notation, is a guideline for writing any chemical compound's empirical or molecular formula.

August Kekulé (1866) was the first to propose the alternating single and double bond structure of benzene that can only be possible if carbon could join other carbon atoms and form a ring.

The first time the use of two dots or a colon (:) to represent two electrons acting as connecting links between the two atoms was proposed by G.N. Lewis in 1916.

Organic compounds in which carbon atoms are joined in a ring, unlike the open-chain counterparts, are represented using the polygon formula.

Molecular models are tools used for classroom or research to visualize better and interpret three-dimensional structures of organic molecules.

What is a Bond-Line or Skeletal Formula?

Carbon and Hydrogen containing bonds are chemically inert; still, they form the backbone of many organic compounds.

Certain conventions are used to represent three-dimensional structures of organic molecules on paper.

What is a Condensed Structural Formula?

The condensed structural formula provides the shortest way to understand the atoms and their numbers, their connection with respect to each other, an

The Lewis dot structures are used to show the shared electron pairs between the bonded atoms in the molecule and the lone pairs of electrons if any.

A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen gave the following analytical data:

C = 40% and H = 6.67%

Calculate the molecular formula of the compound i

On analysis, a substance was found to have the following percentage composition:

K = 31.84, Cl= 28.98 and O = 39.18

Calculate its molecular formula if its mol

A chemical compound is found to have the following composition: 

C = 19.57% ; Fe = 15.2% ; N = 22.83% ; and K = 42.39%

Calculate the empirical formula of

1.615g of anhydrous ZnSO4 was placed in moist air. After a few days, its mass was found to be 2.875g.

Calculate the empirical formula of a mineral having the following composition : 

CaO = 48.0% ; P2O5 = 41.3% ;

A salt containing water of crystallization gave the following percentage composition :

Mg = 9.76 ; S = 13.01 ; O =

2.746 g of a compound gave on analysis 1.94 g of silver, 0.268 g of sulphur, and 0.538 g of oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

An oxide of Nitrogen has the percentage composition : N = 25.94 and O = 74.06.

A compound was discovered to contain 32.65 % sulphur, 65.31 % oxygen, and 2.04 % hydrogen.

Draw complete structural formulas and  condensed structural formulas for