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Why is the Inductive effect a permanent effect?

Inductive, along with resonance effects, are permanent effects.

The atoms or groups of atoms causing the inductive effect are part of the molecule. Depending on the atom's nature (electron-withdrawing or donating), the groups causing the molecule's inductive effect can impact the molecule's stability and physical and chemical properties. 

The inductive effect is therefore caused by inherent molecular polarization.  It is unaffected by the reaction environment and does not require the presence of a chemical reagent.

Suppose the molecule's polarization is caused by chemical reagents, such a molecule then returns to the unpolarized state on its removal. In that case, the inductive effect is temporary.

For example, the electrons of the C=C pie bond of an alkene move towards one of the bond’s Carbon atoms, temporarily polarizing it in the presence of a reagent HX. This happens so that X- of the reagent HX can attack the alkene to form an alkyl halide. The alkene returns to the initial nonpolar state once the HX is removed from the reaction.

 
inductive permanent effect

 

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