Homolytic cleavage, or homolysis, is a chemical reaction in which a covalent bond between two atoms is broken equally, and each atom retains one of the two electrons that form the bond. This creates two species (similar or dissimilar), each with an unpaired electron, known as the radicals. The radical electron is denoted with a dot (.) over the atoms’ symbol.
Learning Objective: To study about the electrons and judge its reactivity based on its placement around an atom’s orbital. We will also determine how to find the outermost shell electrons from its group number and electronic configurations.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Learning Objective: To study the various terminologies for single-bond and double-bond-containing molecular conformations.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Organic compounds predominantly consist of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms, also known as hydrocarbons. However, most organic compounds also contain other heteroatoms like O, N, S, and halogens as the functional group.
Out of the many ways to classify a structure, the functional group classification based on the attached atoms is listed below.
The electronic configuration of two elements A and B are -
A- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Benzyne | Benzyl | |
|---|---|---|
Identification | Benzyne is identified as a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms in a benzene ring. Root- Benzyne (like the triple bond of alkyne) |
The stability order of different alkene substitution patterns is measured by comparing their heat of hydrogenations (denoted as ∆Ho) in kJ/mole or kcal/mol.
The Hydrogens attached to a Carbon atom are said to be equivalent if they are in a same chemical environment. Same chemical environment means that under a reaction condition, these hydrogens would lose their identities of being attached to separate Carbons and behave like an identical set.
In ionic compounds, a metal atom loses an electron, forms a cation, and another nonmetal atom gains it, creating an anion. Thus, there is a complete transfer of electrons between the two atoms. The ions are part of a fixed crystal lattice and immobile in the solid state. For example, NaCl, KBr.
The process of heating a solid metal or glass to a specific high temperature and gradual cooling is called annealing. The physical property (strength, elasticity and crystalline property) of a solid can be altered by this method.