| Nucleofuge | Nucleophile |
|---|---|---|
Definition | It is a leaving group that leaves a reactant (substrate) molecule by withdrawing the electron pair of the C-C bond and breaking it.
| Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate electron pair to electron-deficient species and forms a new C-C bond.
|
Nature |
The discovery of isomerism marked the advent of structural chemistry, where it became significantly important to establish structural formulas, welcome the abundance of structurally diverse compounds, classify them, and study their individual properties and impacts.
Free Radical | Lone Pair | Bond Pair |
|---|---|---|
Homolytic bond cleavage generates two free radical species. A free radical is an atom carrying an unpaired electron, denoted as A. (atom symbol A with a dot for an electron on the superscript). |
Learning Objective: To study the limitations of the octet rule, with examples.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
d-orbitals
Groups in chemistry refer to the arrangement of elements of the periodic table into vertical columns. These vertical columns, called groups, are numbered from 1 to 18 and run from top to bottom. The first column on the left is labelled Group 1, and the last column on the right is labelled Group 18.
The elements in the group have the same number of electrons (valence electrons) in their outermost shell, also known as the valence shell, due to which they all have the same chemical or physical properties.
The redistribution of electrons in an atom, bond, or molecule creates two ends (or poles), one electron-rich negative and the other electron-deficient positive; such an atom, bond, or molecule is said to have a dipole (two poles).