Why Crystalline Solids have sharp melting point?

- As the Crystalline solids are made up of a large number of unit cells extending in all the three dimensions, properties of the unit cell dictate the properties of the crystalline solid.

- Each unit cell has a fixed value for the length of the edges and the angle between the edges.

- On supplying heat energy, the unit cells would collapse at the same time at a fixed temperature, with a sharp transition from the solid to the liquid state. This temperature is the melting point of the crystalline solid (shown here as Tm).

Organic Chemistry Tutorials - CurlyArrows Premium

What is Organic Chemistry?

Introduction
Elements of a Chemical Reaction
Components of a Chemical Reaction

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Atom

Size of an atom- The world belongs to the tiniest!
Power of Protons
Mass Number
Average Atomic Mass
Molecule and Molecular Mass
The Electrons- An Atom’s Reactive Component
Atomic Orbitals- s, p, d, f
Filing of Atomic Orbitals and Writing Electronic Configuration
Valence and Core Electrons- How to Determine

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Bonding In Atoms

Octet Rule - Introduction and Bonding
Limitations of Octet Rule
Ionic Bond- Introduction and Formation
Formation of Ionic Compound
Requirements for Ionic Bonding
Appearance and Nature of Ionic Compounds
Physical Properties of Ionic Solids- Conductance, Solubility, Melting Point, and Boiling Point
Covalent Bond - How it Forms
Covalent Bond - Why it Forms?
Covalent Bond - Bond Pair (Single, Double, Triple) and Lone Pair
Number of Covalent Bonds- Valency
Types of Covalent Bonds- Polar and Nonpolar
Metallic Bond - Introduction and Nature
Significance of Metallic Bonding
Impact of Metallic Bonding on the Physical Properties
Applications of Metallic Bonding
Difference Between Metallic and Ionic Bond

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Covalent Bond

Theories on Covalent Bond Formation
Valence Bond Theory- Introduction and Covalent Bond Formation
Valence Bond Theory- Types of Orbital Overlap Forming Covalent Bonds
Applications, Limitations, and Extensions of Valence Bond Theory
Hybridization- Introduction and Types
sp³ Hybridization of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
sp² Hybridization of Carbon, Carbocation, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
sp Hybridization of Carbon and Nitrogen
Shortcut to Determine Hybridization
The shape of sp hybrid orbital - Why is the lobe unequal?
VSEPR Theory- Introduction
Difference between Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure
Finding Electron Pair Geometry and Related Shape
Predicting Electron-Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure Guideline
Predicting Electron pair geometry and Molecular structure - Examples
Finding Electron-Pair Geometry and Shape in Multicentre Molecules
Drawbacks of VSEPR Theory
Electron Wave Property, LCAO and MOT - Introduction
Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Formation of Sigma and Pie bonds using MO Approach
The Energetics of Bonding and Antibonding Molecular orbitals
Conditions for the Valid Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals
Features of LCAO Theory
Finding the Electronic Configuration of Molecules using MO and Predicting Comparative Stability using Bond Order
Setting up the MO diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecules – Second Period Elements
Setting up the Molecular Orbital Diagram for Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
The Non-bonding Molecular Orbitals
Weakness of the Molecular Orbital Theory
Covalent bond Characteristics - Bond Length
Factors affecting Bond Length
How does Electron delocalization (Resonance) affect the Bond length?
Covalent bond Characteristics- Bond Angle
Factors affecting Bond Angle
Covalent bond Characteristics - Bond Order
How Bond Order Corresponds to the Bond Strength and Bond Length
Solved Examples of Bond Order Calculations
Covalent Bond Rotation
Covalent Bond Breakage
Covalent Bond Properties -Physical State, Melting and Boiling Points, Electrical Conductivity, Solubility, Isomerism, Non-ionic Reactions Rate, Crystal structure

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Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond

Electronegativity- Introduction
Factors Affecting Electronegativity- Atomic number, Atomic size, Shielding effect
Factors Affecting Electronegativity-s-orbitals, Oxidation state, Group electronegativity
Application of Electronegativity in Organic Chemistry
Physical Properties Affected by Electronegativity
Inductive effect - Introduction, Types, Classification, and Representation
Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Electronegativity
Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Order and Charge
Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Position
Application of Inductive Effect- Acidity Enhancement and Stabilization of the counter ion due to -I effect
Application of Inductive Effect-Basicity enhancement and stabilization of the counter ion due to +I effect
Application of Inductive Effect-Stability of the Transition States
Application of Inductive Effect-Elevated Physical Properties of Polar Compounds
Is the Inductive Effect the same as Electronegativity?
Resonance - Introduction and Electron Delocalization
Partial Double Bond Character and Resonance Hybrid
Resonance Energy
Significance of Planarity and Conjugation in Resonance
p-orbital Electron Delocalization in Resonance
Sigma Electron Delocalization (Hyperconjugation)
Significance of Hyperconjugation
Resonance Effect and Types
Structure Drawing Rules of Resonance (Includes Summary)
Application of Resonance
Introduction to Covalent Bond Polarity and Dipole Moment
Molecular Dipole Moment
Lone Pair in Molecular Dipole Moment
Applications of Dipole Moment
Formal Charges - Introduction and Basics
How to Calculate Formal Charges (With Solved Examples)
Difference between Formal charges and Oxidation State

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Common Types of Reactions

Classification of common reactions based on mechanisms
Addition Reactions
Elimination Reactions (E1, E2, E1cb)
Substitutions (S_N1, S_N2, S_NAr, Electrophilic, Nucleophilic)
Decomposition
Rearrangement
Oxidation-Reduction

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Drawing Organic Structures

Introduction
Empirical Formula
How to Calculate Empirical Formula from percentage composition and atomic masses
Related Numerical Problems - Finding Empirical Formula (Solved)
Molecular Formula
Numerical Problems related to finding molecular formula (Solved)
How to calculate molecular formula from empirical formula and molecular masses
Hill Nomenclature - The Empirical and Molecular Formula Writing Rules
E/Z Nomenclature - Structure Writing Rules for Substituted Alkenes
Kekulé
Condensed
Skeletal or Bond line
Polygon formula
Lewis Structures- What are Lewis structures and How to Draw
Rules to Draw Lewis structures- With Solved Examples
Lewis structures- Solved Examples, Neutral molecules, Anions, and Cations
Limitation of Lewis structures
3D structure representation- Dash and Wedge line
Molecular models for organic structure representation- Stick model, Ball-stick, and Space-filling
Newman Projection- Introduction and Importance
How to Draw Newman Projections from Bond-Line Formula (5 step-by-step solved examples on alkane, substituted alkane, alkene, ketone, and cycloalkane)
Drawing Newman Projections to the Bond line Formula (solved examples)
Sawhorse Projection

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Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

What are functional groups?
Chemical and Physical Properties affected by the Functional Groups
Identifying Functional Groups by name and structure
Functional Group Categorization- Exclusively Carbon-containing Functional Groups
Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Single Bond
Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Multiple Bonds
Rules for IUPAC nomenclature of Polyfunctional Compounds
Examples of polyfunctional compounds named according to the priority order
Examples of reactions wherein the functional group undergoes transformations

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Structural Isomerism

Introduction
Chain Isomerism
Position Isomerism
Functional Isomerism
Tautomerism
Metamerism
Ring-Chain Isomerism

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-Dipole Interactions-Introduction and Occurrence
Factors Affecting the Ion-Dipole Strength
Importance of Ion-Dipole Interactions
Ion-Induced Dipole - Introduction, Strength and Occurrence
Factors Affecting the Strength of Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions
Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions in Polar Molecules
Vander Waals Forces -Introduction
Examples of Vander Waals' forces
Vander Waals Debye (Polar-Nonpolar) Interactions
Factors affecting the Strength of Debye Forces
Vander Waals Keesom Force - Introduction, Occurrence and Strength
Vander Waals London Force - Introduction, Occurrence, And Importance
Factors Affecting the Strength of London Dispersion Forces- Atomic size and Shape
Introduction, Occurrence and Donor, Acceptors of Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bond Strength, Significance and Types
Factors Affecting Hydrogen Bond Strength
Impact of Hydrogen bonding on Physical Properties- Melting and boiling point, Solubility, and State
Calculation of the Number of Hydrogen Bonds and Hydrogen bond Detection

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Physical Properties

Physical Properties- Introduction, Role of Intermolecular Forces
Physical State Change-Melting Point
Role of Symmetry, Role of Carbon numbers, Role of Geometry
Physical State Change-Boiling Point
Intermolecular Forces and their Effect on the Boiling Point, Role of Molecular Weight (Size), Molecular Shape, Polarity
Boiling Point of Special Compounds- Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Fluoro compounds
Solubility in Water
Density
Preliminary Qualitative Analysis of some Organic Compounds | Intensive Physical Property Measurements

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Fundamentals of Organic Reactions

Types of Arrows Used in Chemistry
Curved Arrows in Organic Chemistry- with Examples
Electrophiles - Introduction, Identification and Reaction
Formation and Classification of Electrophiles- Neutral and Charged
Difference between Electrophiles and Lewis Acids
Nucleophiles - Identification and Role in a Reaction
Types of Nucleophiles- Lone Pair
Types of Nucleophiles- Pie Bond
Types of Nucleophiles- Sigma Bond
Periodic Trend and Order in Nucleophilicity
Introduction to Reactions Involving Nucleophiles
Nucleophile Reactions- Aliphatic Displacement type - S_N1, S_N2
Nucleophile Reactions- Acyl Displacement type
Nucleophile reactions- Aromatic Displacement type- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic
Addition Reactions- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, and Acyl
Ambident Nucleophiles- Introduction and Formation
Ambident Nucleophile - Nature of the Substrate
Ambident Nucleophile- Influence of the Positive Counter Ions
Ambident Nucleophile- Effect of Solvent
Lone Pair - Introduction and Formation
Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Shape and Bond Angle
Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Hydrogen Bonding
Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Polarity and Dipole Moment
Chemical property affected by the Lone pair- Nucleophilicity
Leaving Group - Introduction and Nature
Good and Bad Leaving Group
Factors Determining Stability of the Leaving Groups- Electronegativity, Size, Resonance Stability
Using pKa as a Measure of Leaving Group Ability
Leaving Groups in Displacement Reactions
Leaving Groups in Elimination Reactions

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Reactive Intermediates

Carbocation - Introduction, Nature, and Types
Formation of Carbocation
Stability of Carbocations- Inductive, Resonance, and Hyperconjugation
Other Structural Features Increasing Carbocation Stability
Structural Feature Decreasing Carbocation Stability
Fate of the Carbocation
General Carbocation Formation Reactions
Carbanion - Introduction, Nature, and Types
Formation of Carbanions
Carbanion Stabilization
Ease of Formation of Carbanion -Acidic proton
Fate of the Carbanion
Free Radical - Introduction and Types of Carbon-Centred Radicals
Structure of Carbon-Centred Free Radical
Formation of Radicals
Stability of the Carbon-Centred Radicals
Other Structural Feature Increasing Free Radical Stability
Comparing Free Radical Stability using Dissociation energies (D-H)
Fate of Free Radicals
Common Reactions Involving Carbon-Free Radicals

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Stereoisomerism - Conformation and Configurational Isomerism

Conformations in Organic Chemistry - An Introduction
How are Conformational Isomers Depicted
Open Chain and Closed Chain Conformations
Nomenclature related to sp³-sp³ and sp³-sp² bond rotations
Conformational Analysis
Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions |Hyperconjugation
Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding
Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Dipole Minimizations
Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Steric strain
Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Torsional strain
Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Angle strain
Importance of Conformational Analysis
Conformation in Compounds with Lone Pairs
Role of Solvents in Conformations
An Example of Conformation Dependent Reaction and Product Selectivity
Geometrical Isomerism - Introduction
Impact of cis-trans isomerism on physical properties
Impact of cis-trans isomerism on chemical reactions
Scope of Geometrical Isomerism in Biological Systems and Industrial Applications
E/Z Nomenclature in Substituted Alkenes

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