Organic Chemistry Questions and Short Answers

The Inductive effect is the outcome of Electronegativity; therefore, they are different and not the same.

Van Der Waals forces are weak intermolecular attractive forces that hold closely various atoms and molecules without any physical linkage or bond. 

The atoms or molecules participating in van Der Waals interactions are neutral, polar, or /and non-polar ones. Ion interactions are stronger and are classified separately from the weaker van Der Waal interactions.

There are three types of Van der Waal’s force- Keesom Forces, Debye forces, and London Dispersion forces. Amongst the three types, the London Dispersion forces are the weakest interactions.

Polar molecules show Keesom forces. Polar molecules have heteroatoms that differ in electronegativity values such that the electronegativity difference between the two atoms in a polar covalent bond is greater than 0.5 but less than 1.7. For example, HF, HCl, R-OH, etc.

A radical reaction usually happens in three steps- Initiation (creation of free radicals), Propagation (multiplication and growth of radical reaction), and Termination (stopping of the free radical reaction).

Radical inhibitors are chemical species that inhibit radical reactions by halting the chain propagation step.

Examples of such inhibitors are Hydroquinone, BHT (2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol), etc.

London Dispersion forces are seen in all the atoms and the molecules; however, it is the exclusive force binding nonpolar molecules. Nonpolar molecules are made of two or more atoms, and the electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond is less than 0.5. Therefore, no charges are separated to create poles in nonpolar molecules or atoms. Despite not having poles, nonpolar molecules interact using a weak force of attraction known as the London Forces.

An easy way to identify organic compounds is to look for several atoms in a long chain. These long chains are covalent bonds. So, the length of the bond and the factors affecting it becomes very important.

Such a bond formation occurs only when the atoms that want to form covalent bonds have the right concentration, orientation, and speed. 

Draw complete structural formulas and  condensed structural formulas for

        a) three compounds of formula C₃H₈O

        b) five compounds of formula C₃H₆O

The condensed structural formula disguises the molecule's true vastness by revealing only the number of atoms present. What remains hidden from sight are the bond connections, the bond angles, and their three-dimensional arrangements, so what we observe is just the molecule's literal condensed form.

Van der Waal’s interactions are the weak intermolecular forces of interactions. The Van der Waal’s forces are comprised of three forces. Their different names and the order of their strength is-

Dipole-Dipole > Dipole-induced dipole > Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole