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Atomic Mass Number

Learning Objective: To learn about the atomic mass number using protons and neutrons.

Skill Level – Intermediate

 

Prerequisites: 

Related – 

 

Chapter: Structure of Atom

 

Author's Note:  Once the structure of an atom is established, it becomes a natural part of exploration to determine how each part contributes to an atom’s stability and reactivity. Here, we discuss the two components, protons and neutrons, that form part of the atomic nucleus and contribute to its mass; therefore, they are collectively referred to as the atomic mass number. 

In this section, I have covered how protons and neutrons contribute to the atomic mass and how important it is to maintain a ratio of p:n close to 1; otherwise, they disintegrate I have also introduced the concept of isotopes, based on the number of neutrons and protons, and discussed their diverse applications in various areas of life. 

It is important to note that the mass number is different from the standard atomic weight of an element, which is covered in the next section.

 

Atomic Mass Number

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons gives the mass number, denoted as A.

Mass number (A)= number of protons + number of neutrons

For example, 12C has 6 protons and 6 neutrons; its mass number is 12. 

A mass number is always a whole number. The mass number is also known as the atomic mass number or nucleon number. 

The atom generally has neutrons in the same number as the protons, but sometimes neutrons are higher or lower by a few numbers, resulting in an isotope.

For example, the two common isotopes of carbon are 12C and 14C. In 12C,....

..

Some isotopes have high importance. 

For example, an isotope of Iodine.....

Still, it is important to know that a significant imbalance between an atom’s proton and neutron number can cause...

 

Representation of atomic mass number

The mass number is written in the superscript of the AZE notation while...

........

Subscribe to learn about the atomic mass number using protons and neutrons

 Previous:  Power of Protons

 Next:  Average Atomic Mass

 

Structure of Atom
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Atom

  • Size of an atom- The world belongs to the tiniest!
  • Power of Protons
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  • Average Atomic Mass
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  • The Electrons- An Atom’s Reactive Component
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Bonding In Atoms

  • Octet Rule - Introduction and Bonding
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  • Covalent Bond - Bond Pair (Single, Double, Triple) and Lone Pair
  • Number of Covalent Bonds- Valency
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Covalent Bond

  • Theories on Covalent Bond Formation
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  • Hybridization- Introduction and Types
  • sp3 Hybridization of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
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  • Shortcut to Determine Hybridization
  • The shape of sp hybrid orbital - Why is the lobe unequal?
  • VSEPR Theory- Introduction
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  • Predicting Electron pair geometry and Molecular structure - Examples
  • Finding Electron-Pair Geometry and Shape in Multicentre Molecules
  • Drawbacks of VSEPR Theory
  • Electron Wave Property, LCAO and MOT - Introduction
  • Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Formation of Sigma and Pie bonds using MO Approach
  • The Energetics of Bonding and Antibonding Molecular orbitals
  • Conditions for the Valid Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals  
  • Features of LCAO Theory
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  • Setting up the MO diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecules – Second Period Elements
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  • Covalent bond Characteristics - Bond Length
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Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond

  • Electronegativity- Introduction
  • Factors Affecting Electronegativity- Atomic number, Atomic size, Shielding effect
  • Factors Affecting Electronegativity-s-orbitals, Oxidation state, Group electronegativity
  • Application of Electronegativity in Organic Chemistry
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  • Inductive effect - Introduction, Types, Classification, and Representation
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  • Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Order and Charge
  • Factors Affecting Inductive Effect- Bonding Position
  • Application of Inductive Effect- Acidity Enhancement and Stabilization of the counter ion due to -I effect
  • Application of Inductive Effect-Basicity enhancement and stabilization of the counter ion due to +I effect
  • Application of Inductive Effect-Stability of the Transition States
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  • Is the Inductive Effect the same as Electronegativity?
  • Resonance - Introduction and Electron Delocalization
  • Partial Double Bond Character and Resonance Hybrid
  • Resonance Energy
  • Significance of Planarity and Conjugation in Resonance
  • p-orbital Electron Delocalization in Resonance
  • Sigma Electron Delocalization (Hyperconjugation)
  • Significance of Hyperconjugation
  • Resonance Effect and Types
  • Structure Drawing Rules of Resonance (Includes Summary)
  • Application of Resonance
  • Introduction to Covalent Bond Polarity and Dipole Moment
  • Molecular Dipole Moment
  • Lone Pair in Molecular Dipole Moment
  • Applications of Dipole Moment
  • Formal Charges - Introduction and Basics
  • How to Calculate Formal Charges (With Solved Examples)
  • Difference between Formal charges and Oxidation State

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Common Types of Reactions

  • Classification of common reactions based on mechanisms
  • Addition Reactions
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Drawing Organic Structures

  • Introduction
  • Empirical Formula
  • How to Calculate Empirical Formula from percentage composition and atomic masses
  • Related Numerical Problems - Finding Empirical Formula (Solved)
  • Molecular Formula
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  • How to calculate molecular formula from empirical formula and molecular masses
  • Hill Nomenclature - The Empirical and Molecular Formula Writing Rules
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  • Lewis Structures- What are Lewis structures and How to Draw
  • Rules to Draw Lewis structures- With Solved Examples
  • Lewis structures- Solved Examples, Neutral molecules, Anions, and Cations
  • Limitation of Lewis structures
  • 3D structure representation- Dash and Wedge line
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  • Newman Projection- Introduction and Importance
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Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

  • What are functional groups?
  • Chemical and Physical Properties affected by the Functional Groups
  • Identifying Functional Groups by name and structure
  • Functional Group Categorization- Exclusively Carbon-containing Functional Groups
  • Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Single Bond
  • Functional Group Categorization- Functional Groups with Carbon-Heteroatom Multiple Bonds
  • Rules for IUPAC nomenclature of Polyfunctional Compounds
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  • Examples of reactions wherein the functional group undergoes transformations

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Structural Isomerism

  • Introduction
  • Chain Isomerism
  • Position Isomerism
  • Functional Isomerism
  • Tautomerism
  • Metamerism
  • Ring-Chain Isomerism

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Intermolecular Forces

  • Ion-Dipole Interactions-Introduction and Occurrence
  • Factors Affecting the Ion-Dipole Strength
  • Importance of Ion-Dipole Interactions
  • Ion-Induced Dipole - Introduction, Strength and Occurrence
  • Factors Affecting the Strength of Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions
  • Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions in Polar Molecules
  • Vander Waals Forces -Introduction
  • Examples of Vander Waals' forces
  • Vander Waals Debye (Polar-Nonpolar) Interactions
  • Factors affecting the Strength of Debye Forces
  • Vander Waals Keesom Force - Introduction, Occurrence and Strength
  • Vander Waals London Force - Introduction, Occurrence, And Importance
  • Factors Affecting the Strength of London Dispersion Forces- Atomic size and Shape
  • Introduction, Occurrence and Donor, Acceptors of Hydrogen Bond
  • Hydrogen bond Strength, Significance and Types
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Physical Properties

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Fundamentals of Organic Reactions

  • Types of Arrows Used in Chemistry
  • Curved Arrows in Organic Chemistry- with Examples
  • Electrophiles - Introduction, Identification and Reaction
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  • Nucleophile Reactions- Aliphatic Displacement type - SN1, SN2
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  • Nucleophile reactions- Aromatic Displacement type- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic
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  • Ambident Nucleophiles- Introduction and Formation
  • Ambident Nucleophile - Nature of the Substrate
  • Ambident Nucleophile- Influence of the Positive Counter Ions
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  • Lone Pair - Introduction and Formation
  • Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Shape and Bond Angle
  • Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Hydrogen Bonding
  • Physical Properties Affected by the Lone Pair- Polarity and Dipole Moment
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  • Leaving Group - Introduction and Nature
  • Good and Bad Leaving Group
  • Factors Determining Stability of the Leaving Groups- Electronegativity, Size, Resonance Stability
  • Using pKa as a Measure of Leaving Group Ability
  • Leaving Groups in Displacement Reactions
  • Leaving Groups in Elimination Reactions

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Reactive Intermediates

  • Carbocation - Introduction, Nature, and Types
  • Formation of Carbocation
  • Stability of Carbocations- Inductive, Resonance, and Hyperconjugation
  • Other Structural Features Increasing Carbocation Stability
  • Structural Feature Decreasing Carbocation Stability
  • Fate of the Carbocation
  • General Carbocation Formation Reactions
  • Carbanion - Introduction, Nature, and Types
  • Formation of Carbanions
  • Carbanion Stabilization
  • Ease of Formation of Carbanion -Acidic proton
  • Fate of the Carbanion
  • Free Radical - Introduction and Types of Carbon-Centred Radicals
  • Structure of Carbon-Centred Free Radical
  • Formation of Radicals
  • Stability of the Carbon-Centred Radicals
  • Other Structural Feature Increasing Free Radical Stability
  • Comparing Free Radical Stability using Dissociation energies (D-H)
  • Fate of Free Radicals
  • Common Reactions Involving Carbon-Free Radicals

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Stereoisomerism - Conformation and Configurational Isomerism

  • Conformations in Organic Chemistry - An Introduction
  • How are Conformational Isomers Depicted
  • Open Chain and Closed Chain Conformations
  • Nomenclature related to sp3-sp3 and sp3-sp2 bond rotations
  • Conformational Analysis
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions |Hyperconjugation
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Dipole Minimizations
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Steric strain
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Torsional strain
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Angle strain
  • Importance of Conformational Analysis
  • Conformation in Compounds with Lone Pairs
  • Role of Solvents in Conformations
  • An Example of Conformation Dependent Reaction and Product Selectivity
  • Geometrical Isomerism - Introduction
  • Impact of cis-trans isomerism on physical properties
  • Impact of cis-trans isomerism on chemical reactions
  • Scope of Geometrical Isomerism in Biological Systems and Industrial Applications
  • E/Z Nomenclature in Substituted Alkenes
     

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