The nomenclature is mainly used for sp3 hybridized Carbon of an alkane. The Carbon of alkyl halides, alcohols, carbocations, and the Nitrogen of amides and amines are classified by this method.
Lattice points are the positions an atom, ion, or molecule can occupy in a crystal giving it its shape and characteristics. If any of these particles go missing or are not in a correctly ordered arrangement, it can introduce a defect in the crystal. Lattice points are essentially a crystalline framework.
Alkenes undergo addition reactions where it loses one pie bond to form two new sigma bonds to add a reagent across the double bond.
The Lewis dot structures are used to show the shared electron pairs between the bonded atoms in the molecule and the lone pairs of electrons if any. The representative structures follow the octet rule wherein the atoms combine by either transfer of electrons (loss or gain) or by sharing of valence electrons in a way that the valence shell of the atoms attains the octet configuration.
The electrons involved are shown as dots. A single bond is made up of two electrons, a double four and a triple bond six. Similarly, an atom can have one, two or three lone pairs of electrons.
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Before the Exam
1) For comparison of the relative oxidizing and reducing powers of various metals: A Positive number indicates stronger reduction potential of the electrode, and it functions as a stronger oxidizing agent. A negative number means weaker reduction potential of the electrode, and hence it is a more powerful reducing agent.
The electrochemical series or the activity series is the arrangement of various electrodes in the increasing order of their standard reduction potential. The reduction potential values are seen to increase from negative to zero and positive real numbers. When arranged linearly, it would look like a number line with the positive numbers on the right side of zero and the negative numbers on the left side of zero.
An electrode when in contact with an electrolyte solution of the similar ionic nature (Example, Cu electrode in CuSO4 solution, Zn electrode in ZnSO4 solution) tends to either undergo Oxidation (loss of electrons) or reduction (gain of electrons).
Due to this oxidation or reduction, there develops a charge separation between the metal electrode and its ions in the solution creating a potential difference.
The crystalline solid is made up of the unit cells. Therefore, the properties of the unit cell turn out to be the properties of the crystalline solid. In a unit cell, the length of the edges and the angle between the edges are fixed. Therefore, the entire crystalline solid would exhibit fixed value for both these parameters.
If all the elements were to create a gated community for themselves; they would build four apartment blocks namely, the s-block, p-block, d-block and the f-block. The elements having similar property would be grouped together occupying one block and this behavior is based on the orbital the last electron chooses to enter.