Organic chemistry and human beings both pursue betterment and advancement.
Humans engage in welfare activities to improve the well-being of others, tackle inequality, and create strong bonds. The same principle is also observed in organic chemistry.
Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’s valence shell that did not participate in any bond-formation reaction. Since they refuse to bond with the other atoms, they are also called the non-bonding electrons. While drawing the molecules’ structure, the lone pair electrons on shown as dots (..) above the atom.
Learning Objective: To study what Van Der Waal forces are in chemistry and their example.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
The Hydrogens attached to a Carbon atom are said to be equivalent if they are in a same chemical environment. Same chemical environment means that under a reaction condition, these hydrogens would lose their identities of being attached to separate Carbons and behave like an identical set.
The DBE calculation uses the general molecular formula to find the presence of unsaturation in a compound. The unsaturation is calculated in levels or degrees.
The lowest degree of unsaturation (DOU) indicates minimum unsaturation, where there is the least loss of hydrogens to form a pie bond or a cyclic ring, like in cycloalkanes.
General Molecular Formula
A halogen derivative of an alkane is called a Haloalkane, where the hydrogen is replaced with a halogen.
The common or the trivial name is Alkyl Halide.
The three common hybridization states are - sp3, sp2, and sp. The sp3 (pronunciation: ess-pee-three) hybridization of Carbon explains its four bonds’ tetravalency, shape, and equivalency.
A Haloalkane is the Halogen derivative of an alkane obtained by replacing of one or more hydrogen atoms.
For example, when one Hydrogen of an alkane, Methane, is replaced with a Halogen, for instance, Chlorine, the haloalkane obtained is chloromethane.
Alkane Haloalkane
It is easy to identify the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon Benzene that is made of only two atoms- Carbon and hydrogen. Benzene is a planar, cyclic ring molecule with six sides. It has an alternating double bond that contributes to its extra stability by endowing it with resonance, a phenomenon of electron delocalization. The molecular formula of Benzene is C6H6 and the structure is-