Organic Chemistry
What are valence and core electrons? How to determine a valence electron?
Learning Objective: To study about the electrons and judge its reactivity based on its placement around an atom’s orbital. We will also determine how to find the outermost shell electrons from its group number and electronic configurations.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Physical Properties - Solubility in Water
Learning Objective: To study which intermolecular forces and structural features affect the solubility of organic compounds in water.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Hydrophobicity
Why are larger atoms polarizable? What is their effect on the Debye force?
If the size of a nonpolar atom is greater, it means that the atom has a higher number of electron containing orbitals. The outer electrons are away from experiencing the inward attractive pull of the nucleus (nuclear charge) and capable of undergoing electron-cloud distortion or polarization.
Difference between Metallic and Ionic bonding
Metallic Bond | Ionic Bond |
|---|---|
| Metals have metallic bonding in them. Ex: Na, K. | Metals and nonmetals participate in forming the Ionic bond. Ex: NaCl, KBr. |
Several metal atoms lose valence electrons and become positive kernels holding a fixed lattice position. The lost electrons then freely float between the positive kernels to make the structure electrically neutral. |
Differences between Valence Bond (VB) and Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
Valence Bond (VB) Theory | Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory |
|---|---|
Valence Bond Theory explains how atoms combine to form di and polyatomic molecules held by covalent bonds. | VSEPR theory considers shape, molecular geometry, and bond angles as an after-effect of covalent bond formation. The molecules take up various shapes to overcome the electron repulsions between the bonding and nonbonding electrons of the combining atoms. |
Hill Nomenclature - The Empirical and Molecular Formula Writing Rules
Hills Nomenclature, also known as the Hills System or Hills notation, is a guideline for writing any chemical compound's empirical or molecular formula.
Calculation for the number of unit cells (using log table)
Question: Calculate the number of unit cells in 8.1 g of Aluminium if it crystallizes in a face cubic structure (fcc).
What is a metallic bond and how does it form?
A metallic bond is a chemical bond seen in metals consisting of tightly bound metal atoms of the same type.
Metals are large atoms that do not firmly hold their outermost valence electrons and easily lose them. Once the electrons are lost, the metal atoms become positively charged, called kernels. The position of these kernels is fixed to avoid repulsions and is part of the solid structure.
Conformational Isomerism - Nomenclature Related to single and double bond rotations
Learning Objective: To study the various terminologies for single-bond and double-bond-containing molecular conformations.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites: