The condensed structural formula provides the shortest way to understand the atoms and their numbers, their connection with respect to each other, and therefore, visualize the compounds' structure without elaborately drawing it, but by writing it in a single line.
So, if the elaborate structure of butanoic acid look like A, the condensed structural formula would look like B.
If all the elements were to create a gated community for themselves; they would build four apartment blocks namely, the s-block, p-block, d-block and the f-block. The elements having similar property would be grouped together occupying one block and this behavior is based on the orbital the last electron chooses to enter.
The stability order of different alkene substitution patterns is measured by comparing their heat of hydrogenations (denoted as ∆Ho) in kJ/mole or kcal/mol.
Learning Objective: To study the importance of conformational analysis in organic chemistry.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Chapter: Stereochemistry
Sub-topic: Conformational Isomerism
The random collisions of the colloidal particles (dispersed phase) with molecules of the dispersion medium (colloidal sol) that results in a zig-zag movement of the colloidal particles, when observed under an ultramicroscope, is known as the Brownian Motion.
An equimolar (1:1) mixture of a Lewis acid anhydrous ZnCl2 and concentrated HCl- Lucas Reagent, is used to identify and classify unknown alcohol (R-OH) as primary (1o), secondary (2o) or tertiary (3o). The Lucas test is based on the speed at which corresponding insoluble alkyl chlorides (R-Cl) are formed post reaction. The formation of alkyl chlorides solution appears as cloudiness/emulsion, and it is correlated with the reactivity of the alcohol, 3o alcohol being the most and 1o being the least.
Learning Objective: To learn about the structure, type, and nature of the carbanion intermediate part of organic chemistry reactions.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Free radicals are generated due to the homolytic bond cleavage, a type of bond breaking where each atom holding the two-electron covalent bond gets one electron. Such a homolytic bond cleavage requires an input of energy, either in the form of heat or light.
Radicals | Electrophiles |
|---|---|
Free Radicals are the by-product of homolytic bond cleavage. | Electrophiles are the by-product of heterolytic bond cleavage. |
The two-electron bond breaks in half, dividing the electrons equally between the two atoms to form two free radicals. Therefore, free radicals are atoms or molecules carrying a single electron. |