| Heterolytic | Homolytic |
|---|---|---|
Cleavage | The two-electron bond between two heteroatoms breaks unequally. | The two-electron bond between two similar or dissimilar atoms breaks equally. |
By-Product | The by-product of the reaction is the generation of two intermediates-cation and an anion. |
| Nucleofuge | Nucleophile |
|---|---|---|
Definition | It is a leaving group that leaves a reactant (substrate) molecule by withdrawing the electron pair of the C-C bond and breaking it.
| Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate electron pair to electron-deficient species and forms a new C-C bond.
|
Nature |
Learning Objective: To study the ambident nucleophiles and how and from which end they attack the substrates to undergo chemical reactions.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
| Condensed Formula | Molecular Formula |
|---|---|---|
Definition | The condensed formula is a shorthand representation of a molecule that gives information on the atoms, their number, and how they are connected in a single line.
| The molecular formula represents the total number of atoms in a compound without showing any connection between the atoms.
|
Debye interactions require polar molecules to show polar-nonpolar type of intermolecular attractive interactions. Therefore, the polar atoms participating in Debye interactions must have comparatively high electronegativity to show stronger interactions. If the electronegativity difference (0.5-1.7) is greater in a polar molecule, the polarity it induces on the neighboring non-polar atom will also be more significant, leading to stronger Debye interactions.
Learning Objective: Study Vander Waals London forces, interactions, and strength.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
An electrode when in contact with an electrolyte solution of the similar ionic nature (Example, Cu electrode in CuSO4 solution, Zn electrode in ZnSO4 solution) tends to either undergo Oxidation (loss of electrons) or reduction (gain of electrons).
Due to this oxidation or reduction, there develops a charge separation between the metal electrode and its ions in the solution creating a potential difference.
A chemical reaction always begins with a reactant (starting material) and to, which, when a suitable reagent is added, triggers a chemical response.
Learning Objective: To study how molecular weight, molecular shape, functional group, and carbon number impact density.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Common names of alkanes
