Keesom forces occur in polar molecules where the atoms have a considerable electronegativity difference, resulting in the charge separation and formation of positive and negative poles. The negative pole of one molecule electrostatically interacts with the positive pole of the neighboring molecule. Consequently, all the polar molecules in the medium try to orient their dipoles to be in alignment for such electrostatic interactions.
An acyl group is a general way of referring to an R’-C=O unit that forms the core of compounds like aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and acyl halides in modern organic chemistry.
This acyl group is easily identifiable with its carbon atom that is double-bonded to oxygen (C=O, carbonyl carbon) with one bond to an R’ group, which can be an alkyl or aryl group.
Learning Objective: To study the structural features of a carbon-centered free radical in organic chemistry.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Learning Objective: To study lone pair's role in chemical reactions as electron donors.
Prerequisites:
Pre-Requisite Reading: Electronegativity
A covalent bond is formed between two similar or dissimilar atoms (Ex: Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Halogen).
A metallic bond is a chemical bond seen in metals consisting of tightly bound metal atoms of the same type.
Metals are large atoms that do not firmly hold their outermost valence electrons and easily lose them. Once the electrons are lost, the metal atoms become positively charged, called kernels. The position of these kernels is fixed to avoid repulsions and is part of the solid structure.
London dispersion force is the weakest of the three van Der Waal forces of interactions universally found in all the atoms and molecules. It is caused by the constant fluctuations in the electron position, creating a temporary dipole. When other nonpolar molecules are in its vicinity, the instantaneous temporary dipole formed earlier distorts the electron cloud of an adjacent molecule, creating another dipole.
