A type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that introduces an alkyl group (-R) in the arene ring, giving alkyl arenes.
The reacting species are usually but not always- benzene ring (substituted or unsubstituted), an alkyl halide and a Lewis Acid catalyst like AlCl3.
An equimolar (1:1) mixture of a Lewis acid anhydrous ZnCl2 and concentrated HCl- Lucas Reagent, is used to identify and classify unknown alcohol (R-OH) as primary (1o), secondary (2o) or tertiary (3o). The Lucas test is based on the speed at which corresponding insoluble alkyl chlorides (R-Cl) are formed post reaction. The formation of alkyl chlorides solution appears as cloudiness/emulsion, and it is correlated with the reactivity of the alcohol, 3o alcohol being the most and 1o being the least.
An electrode when in contact with an electrolyte solution of the similar ionic nature (Example, Cu electrode in CuSO4 solution, Zn electrode in ZnSO4 solution) tends to either undergo Oxidation (loss of electrons) or reduction (gain of electrons).
Due to this oxidation or reduction, there develops a charge separation between the metal electrode and its ions in the solution creating a potential difference.
The Lewis dot structures are used to show the shared electron pairs between the bonded atoms in the molecule and the lone pairs of electrons if any. The representative structures follow the octet rule wherein the atoms combine by either transfer of electrons (loss or gain) or by sharing of valence electrons in a way that the valence shell of the atoms attains the octet configuration.
The electrons involved are shown as dots. A single bond is made up of two electrons, a double four and a triple bond six. Similarly, an atom can have one, two or three lone pairs of electrons.
Free radicals are generated due to the homolytic bond cleavage, a type of bond breaking where each atom holding the two-electron covalent bond gets one electron. Such a homolytic bond cleavage requires an input of energy, either in the form of heat or light.
Learning Objective: To learn about ring–chain isomerism, a subtype of structural isomerism.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Benzyne | Benzyl | |
|---|---|---|
Identification | Benzyne is identified as a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms in a benzene ring. Root- Benzyne (like the triple bond of alkyne) |
Learning Objective: To learn about the nature of the electron, an atom's reactive component. The article also helps to understand why the elctrons behave differently as a sub-atomic particle with its dual wave-particle behaviour, ushering in a new field of quantum mechanics.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
The functional group is the agent providing a molecule its quintessential character and is responsible for molecular reactivity.
It is a group of two to four atoms that connects with the rest of the molecule with a single covalent bond. Its position in a molecule can be internal or terminal.