| Heterolytic | Homolytic |
|---|---|---|
Cleavage | The two-electron bond between two heteroatoms breaks unequally. | The two-electron bond between two similar or dissimilar atoms breaks equally. |
By-Product | The by-product of the reaction is the generation of two intermediates-cation and an anion. |
In a regular trigonal planar molecular geometry, a central atom is surrounded by three equally spaced substituents in one plane, so joining the three corners would give a triangle.
Hydrogen bonding is a type of electrostatic interaction occurring in molecules in which the H atom is sandwiched between highly electronegative atoms like F, O, and N, one to which it is covalently bonded. For example, HF, H2O, NH3, etc.
Learning Objective: To learn about metamerism, a subtype of structural isomerism.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Periods in chemistry refer to the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table, which represent all 118 elements across 7 rows.
The periods run from left to right, with each consecutive element increasing in atomic number by 1.
Periods 1, 2, and 3 have 2, 8, and 8 elements, whereas periods 4, 5, 6, and 7 have 18, 18, 32, and 32 elements.
It is a way of visualizing the carbon atoms of an open-chain organic molecule from an oblique angle and projecting that image on a 2-dimensional paper to appear like a carpenter’s sawhorse.
The two adjacent carbons of interest in a chain are drawn as a slant line, and its two groups form the hind and forelegs, with the third forming the head and the tail to resemble a horse from which the name draws an inspiration.
Curly Arrows - the curved and barbed arrows you might have seen in reactions have been the language of organic chemistry for over 100 years.
Fundamentally, the arrows represent the path of the electrons. The way they hop between atoms dictates whether a bond will form or break, causing those miraculous molecular transformations.
Carbon is naturally inclined to form new bonds, and in this quest, it may break away from the old ones. The atom or group of atoms that leaves the carbon chain to make way for the new bond is called the leaving group(s).
Such a bond dissociation can happen from a saturated, unsaturated, or carbonyl carbon.