1) For comparison of the relative oxidizing and reducing powers of various metals: A Positive number indicates stronger reduction potential of the electrode, and it functions as a stronger oxidizing agent. A negative number means weaker reduction potential of the electrode, and hence it is a more powerful reducing agent.
The Average Atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the atomic masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. It is also known as the atomic weight and is expressed in amu.
The weighted average gives a more accurate value than the normal average by considering all isotopic forms of an element.
Learning Objective: To study the impact of lone pair on a molecule's polarity and dipole moment.
Prerequisites:
1) Functional Isomers are compounds that have same molecular formula but different functional groups.
Molecular mass is the sum of the masses of all the atoms in the molecule, denoted as m.
The mass of the atoms is measured in the average atomic mass unit, a weighted average of all the element's naturally occurring isotopes.
The sum is represented in amu (μ) or Da unit.
The redistribution of electrons in an atom, bond, or molecule creates two ends (or poles), one electron-rich negative and the other electron-deficient positive; such an atom, bond, or molecule is said to have a dipole (two poles).
London dispersion forces are the weak intermolecular attractive forces that occur when the molecules are spaced closely. If the spacing is compact, the interactions are stronger. This means that the temporary dipoles induced due to the dispersion of electrons are also larger. Such a compact cluster will require more energy to break, raising the physical properties of the melting and boiling point.
The Lewis dot structures are used to show the shared electron pairs between the bonded atoms in the molecule and the lone pairs of electrons if any. The representative structures follow the octet rule wherein the atoms combine by either transfer of electrons (loss or gain) or by sharing of valence electrons in a way that the valence shell of the atoms attains the octet configuration.
The electrons involved are shown as dots. A single bond is made up of two electrons, a double four and a triple bond six. Similarly, an atom can have one, two or three lone pairs of electrons.
Solids are made up of many particles, and depending on how they are arranged, solids can be divided into crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
The particles may be atoms, ions, or molecules.
For example, gold atoms, NaCl ions, and sucrose molecules compose the solid-state.
| Addition Reaction | Elimination Reaction | |
|---|---|---|
Process | Two molecules combine in an addition reaction to form a single addition product (adduct).
| Elimination reaction involves loss of two groups and formation of a new bond. |
Mechanism | The addition can take place by heterolytic, homolytic, or pericyclic methods. |