The random collisions of the colloidal particles (dispersed phase) with molecules of the dispersion medium (colloidal sol) that results in a zig-zag movement of the colloidal particles, when observed under an ultramicroscope, is known as the Brownian Motion.
Learning Objective: To learn the two different ways a free radical reacts and the mechanism it undergoes.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Electronegativity measures on a scale of 0.8 – 4 an atom’s or group of atoms’ tendency to attract the bond electron pair towards itself, thereby creating partial negative (δ-) and positive (δ+) terminals.
Molecular mass is the sum of the masses of all the atoms in the molecule, denoted as m.
The mass of the atoms is measured in the average atomic mass unit, a weighted average of all the element's naturally occurring isotopes.
The sum is represented in amu (μ) or Da unit.
A carbocation is a positively charged, electron-deficient carbon ion that acts as a reactive intermediate in many organic reactions.
The central carbon in a carbocation has only 6 valence electrons instead of the preferred 8 by covalent bonding. As a result, it has only three covalent bonds and, therefore, trivalent.
Learning Objective: To learn different methods to stabilize a carbanion.
Skill Level - Advanced
Prerequisites:
- The unit cells that makes up the entire crystalline solid has a fixed value for the length of the edges and the angle between the edges.
Free radicals are generated due to the homolytic bond cleavage, a type of bond breaking where each atom holding the two-electron covalent bond gets one electron. Such a homolytic bond cleavage requires an input of energy, either in the form of heat or light.
Radical initiators are chemical species that quickly produce free radicals by light and heat exposure. Examples include Halogens (Cl2), AIBN (R-N=N-R), peroxides (R-O-O-R), acetophenone, benzophenone, etc.