Organic Chemistry Questions and Short Answers

Around the early 1800s, scientists began to notice the presence of isomerism in all types of compounds; however, at the time, it was referred to using different names.

The term allotrope was used to describe different varieties of an element that existed in different physical forms, such as diamond or graphite for carbon or monoclinic or rhombic for sulfur. Polymorphism was used to explain compounds that occurred in more than one crystalline form, like aragonite and calcite, both crystalline forms of calcium carbonate.

IUPAC, an international body engaged in developing standards for naming chemical elements and compounds, has laid several rules known as 'IUPAC rules' to identify a molecule by its parent alkane chain and the functional group. It has assigned various suffixes to identify organic chemistry's commonly seen functional groups.

An Organic Compound 'A' molecular formula C₈H₁₆O₂ was hydrolyzed with dilute H₂SO₄ to give a carboxylic acid 'B' and an alcohol 'C.' Oxidation of 'C' with chromic acid also produced 'B.' On dehydration 'C' gives 1-but-ene. Write the equations for the reaction involved.

1) The first step is find out the Degree of Unsaturation (the number of double bonds or the presence of a ring) in the compound. 

The formula is, 

Metallic solid consists of several metal atoms of the same kind bonded together closely. Due to their large size, metals easily lose their outermost valence electrons. The delocalized valence electron drifts and is now available for the other nuclei of metal atoms. Several delocalized electrons are comparable to a sea of electrons.

Carbon's nondiscriminatory nature to form bonds with itself and other elements has led to a wide variety of small and large organic compounds. Carbon-hydrogen compounds called hydrocarbons are mostly inert; however, carbon with other elements (N, O, S, halogen) form functional groups, the reactive part of the molecule. The functional group part of the molecule is where chemical transformations occur. Some organic compounds can have more than one functional group.

Debye interactions require polar molecules to show polar-nonpolar type of intermolecular attractive interactions. Therefore, the polar atoms participating in Debye interactions must have comparatively high electronegativity to show stronger interactions. If the electronegativity difference (0.5-1.7) is greater in a polar molecule, the polarity it induces on the neighboring non-polar atom will also be more significant, leading to stronger Debye interactions.

Polar molecules show Keesom forces. Polar molecules have heteroatoms that differ in electronegativity values such that the electronegativity difference between the two atoms in a polar covalent bond is greater than 0.5 but less than 1.7. For example, HF, HCl, R-OH, etc.