Stability Order of the substituted alkenes
The stability order of different alkene substitution patterns is measured by comparing their heat of hydrogenations (denoted as ∆Ho) in kJ/mole or kcal/mol.
Organic Chemistry
Tautomerism | Structural Isomerism
Learning Objective: To learn about tautomerism, a subtype of structural isomerism.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Introduction to the Vander Waals Forces (Chemistry)- With Examples
Learning Objective: To study what Van Der Waal forces are in chemistry and their example.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding is an attractive intermolecular interaction stronger than Vander Waals forces that exclusively occurs when the Hydrogen atom is sandwiched between two highly electronegative atoms N, O, or F, one to which it is covalently bonded and the other it attracts electrostatically.
What are the requirements of van der Waals force?
The van der Waal forces of interactions are weak intermolecular forces. For the atoms or molecules show these interactions only under certain conditions -
1) Distance- van der Waal forces mainly depend on the distance between the associated molecules. These forces become very weak if the distance between the molecules or atoms is greater. These forces are relatively stronger if the atoms or molecules are grouped closely.
Oxidation Potential
For an electrode in contact with an electrolyte solution having similar ionic nature, if the tendency of the electrode is to lose electrons and undergo oxidation reaction, the electrode is said to have an oxidation potential. Example, Zn electrode dipped in the ZnSO4 electrolyte solution.
Comparison between Lewis base, Nucleophile and Lowry Bronsted Base
| Lewis Base | Nucleophile | Lowry Bronsted Base |
|---|---|---|---|
Nature | Donates Electron Pair to any electron-deficient center. Nucleophiles and Lowry Bronsted bases are Lewis bases. | Donates Electron Pair, mostly forming bonds with carbon. The term is commonly used to describe organic chemistry reactions. |
Differences between Extensive and Intensive Physical Properties
| Extensive | Intensive |
|---|---|---|
Definition | The properties that change when the size or amount of the sample changes are defined as extensive properties. That is, if the properties are dependent on the amount of matter, then doubling the quantity of matter must also double the property. |
Calculate number of protons and neutrons from Oxygen isotopes 16O, 17O, and 18O
Calculate number of protons and neutrons from isotopes of Oxygen 16O, 17O, and 18O. The atomic number of Oxygen is 8.
Solution:
Difference between Free radicals and Carbocations
Free Radicals | Carbocations |
|---|---|
Free radicals are electron-deficient atoms or groups of atoms. It can include carbon-centered free radicals (for example, H3C.) and non-carbon-centered free radicals (for example, HO., Cl., etc.). | Carbocations are electron-deficient carbon atoms. |
Free radicals do not carry any charge and are neutral species. |