Ion Dipole | Ion Induced Dipole |
|---|---|
Ion-Dipole interactions occur due to the electrostatic attraction between charged ions and the dipoles of the polar molecules. | The charged ions induce temporary dipole formation in otherwise nonpolar molecules to attract electrostatically, causing ion-induced dipole interactions. |
A Haloalkane is the Halogen derivative of an alkane obtained by replacing of one or more hydrogen atoms.
For example, when one Hydrogen of an alkane, Methane, is replaced with a Halogen, for instance, Chlorine, the haloalkane obtained is chloromethane.
Alkane Haloalkane
Learning Objective: To learn about positional isomerism, a subtype of structural isomerism.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
| Electrofuge | Electrophile |
|---|---|---|
Definition | Electrofuge is a leaving group that is formed due to the heterolytic breakage of a bond wherein post the clevage, it leaves without the bond pair of electrons, and therefore electron deficient. | Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that may be neutral or charged because of heterolytic bond cleavage. Still, its primary nature is to attract electrons from other electron-rich counterparts and form a new bond. |
Solution
In ionic compounds, a metal atom loses an electron, forms a cation, and another nonmetal atom gains it, creating an anion. Thus, there is a complete transfer of electrons between the two atoms. The ions are part of a fixed crystal lattice and immobile in the solid state. For example, NaCl, KBr.
The unit used to describe the mass of an atom is the unified atomic mass unit, symbolized as amu or μ.
The standard used for measuring the mass of an atom is a 12C atom. Carbon-12 (12C) is an isotope of Carbon with 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons.
The unified atomic mass unit is defined as exactly 1/12 th the mass of one Carbon-12 atom.
Among the various types of solids—metallic, ionic, and covalent—the molecular solid stands out for its intermolecular attractive strength.
A molecular solid is composed of distinct, unconnected molecules that are held together by weak van der Waals forces or Hydrogen bonds rather than stronger ionic or covalent bonds.
In the electrochemical series, the electrodes are arranged in the increasing order of their reduction potential under standard conditions of 1M electrolyte concentration, 298 K temperature, and 1 bar atmospheric pressure.
It is also known as the activity series as the activities of two different electrodes towards displacement reaction are compared; whether the electrode under standard reaction condition will have reduction potential or oxidation potential.
A carbocation is a reactive intermediate with only 6 valence electrons from the usual 8 electrons for carbon by covalent bonding. This makes the carbon atom bear a positive charge and possess three bonds instead of four.