The +I effect is an electron-donating (or an electron-pushing) inductive effect by an atom or group of atoms relative to Hydrogen. It means that a +I group like methyl (-CH3) will push electrons away from itself more than the hydrogen atom would if it occupied the exact position in the molecule.
The push of electrons is represented with an arrow over the bond, (>) indicating the direction of the electron flow.
Learning Objective: To learn about tautomerism, a subtype of structural isomerism.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Dihedral Angle | Bond Angle | |
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Definition |
Carbon is naturally inclined to form new bonds, and in this quest, it may break away from the old ones. The atom or group of atoms that leaves the carbon chain to make way for the new bond is called the leaving group(s).
Such a bond dissociation can happen from a saturated, unsaturated, or carbonyl carbon.
Isotopes are a group of atoms belonging to an element with the same atomic number but a different mass number. Such a group of atoms have the same number of protons in their nuclei but differ only in the number of neutrons.
For example, the Oxygen atom has three isotopes – 16O, 17O, and 18O. All three isotopes have 8 protons; however, the number of neutrons is 8 in 16O, 9 in 17O, and 10 in 18O.
Van der Waal’s interactions are the weak intermolecular forces of interactions. The Van der Waal’s forces are comprised of three forces. Their different names and the order of their strength is-
Dipole-Dipole > Dipole-induced dipole > Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Keesom forces occur in polar molecules where the atoms have a considerable electronegativity difference, resulting in the charge separation and formation of positive and negative poles. The negative pole of one molecule electrostatically interacts with the positive pole of the neighboring molecule. Consequently, all the polar molecules in the medium try to orient their dipoles to be in alignment for such electrostatic interactions.
Solids are made up of many particles, and depending on how they are arranged, solids can be divided into crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
The particles may be atoms, ions, or molecules.
For example, gold atoms, NaCl ions, and sucrose molecules compose the solid-state.
The mass number is the total count of the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom, denoted as A.
For example, 12C has 6 protons and 6 neutrons; its mass number is 12.
A mass number is always a whole number. The mass number is also known as the atomic mass number or nucleon number.
Learning Objective: To study the history, nature, examples, and types of free radicals, a reactive intermediate in organic chemistry.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites: