Free Radicals | Carbocations |
|---|---|
Free radicals are electron-deficient atoms or groups of atoms. It can include carbon-centered free radicals (for example, H3C.) and non-carbon-centered free radicals (for example, HO., Cl., etc.). | Carbocations are electron-deficient carbon atoms. |
Free radicals do not carry any charge and are neutral species. |
Van der Waal’s interactions are the weak intermolecular forces of interactions. The Van der Waal’s forces are comprised of three forces. Their different names and the order of their strength is-
Dipole-Dipole > Dipole-induced dipole > Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Nucleophiles are an atom or a group of atoms that are richer by two electrons and donate these electrons to electron-deficient species, the electrophiles.
Donating the electrons from the nucleophile to the electrophile creates a new two-electron covalent bond.
Learning Objective: To learn through an example how a reaction outcome depends on the conformation of the reactant.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
IUPAC, an international body engaged in developing standards for naming chemical elements and compounds, has laid several rules known as 'IUPAC rules' to identify a molecule by its parent alkane chain and the functional group. It has assigned various suffixes to identify organic chemistry's commonly seen functional groups.
Van Der Waals forces are weak intermolecular attractive forces that hold closely various atoms and molecules without any physical linkage or bond.
The atoms or molecules participating in van Der Waals interactions are neutral, polar, or /and non-polar ones. Ion interactions are stronger and are classified separately from the weaker van Der Waal interactions.
The outermost electrons of an atom that are mostly involved in bonding reactions are called valence electrons. These electrons are farthest from the nucleus and have high energy.
For example, the total number of electrons in Lithium is three distributed in two energy levels, closest to farthest from the nucleus- 1s2 2s1.
Organic Chemistry stands out from other scientific disciplines due to its unique focus on carbon. This versatile element forms larger, more diverse molecules, and its reactions with other elements are crucial for enhancing reactivity, improving properties, introducing structural diversity, altering molecular composition, and more. These ambitious transformations are powered by electrons. Therefore, the study of organic chemistry begins with a deep understanding of its key players-carbon and electrons.
The regular periodic arrangement of the constituent particles at the lattice points of the unit cell is observed only in a short region. Most liquids and amorphous solids show short range order.
Inductive Effect | Resonance/Mesomeric Effect |
|---|---|
The sigma (σ) or the covalent bond electrons are pulled or pushed so that the electron density shifts towards the most electronegative atom. | The pie (π) electrons are pulled and pushed through the p-orbitals along the sigma (covalent) bond framework. |
It is a permanent effect. | It is a permanent effect. |