Organic Chemistry

Electronegativity measures on a scale of 0.8 – 4 an atom’s or group of atoms’ tendency to attract the bond electron pair towards itself, thereby creating partial negative (δ-) and positive (δ+) terminals.

A molecule is an electrically neutral chemical entity that consists of two or more bond atoms.

The joining of two or more atoms by a linkage known as a covalent bond creates molecules such that changing the connection, or the arrangement will change the molecule and its properties. 

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies transformations at three levels- macroscopic (visual changes like rotting of an apple), microscopic (atoms, elements, electrons, involved), and symbolic (representing changes using bond breaking and making, electron transfer arrows). It, therefore, studies structures, composition, properties, formation, and reactions of various compounds, mainly carbon-containing compounds, to fully understand transformations.

Intermolecular forces are collective forces in organic chemistry that cause atoms and molecules to stick together and interact; therefore, they are electrostatic in nature. The collective strength of these electrostatic interactions can affect a compound's physical properties, like melting and boiling points, density, refractive index, solubility, and others.

Almost all atoms and molecules interact through intermolecular forces, an inherent property resulting from the presence of electrons. 

Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov proposed Markovnikov’s rule in 1869 to predict the regiochemistry of addition reactions between unsymmetrical alkenes/ alkynes and hydrogen halides to form alkyl halides.

According to the rule, ‘An alkyl halide is formed in a reaction between an unsymmetrical alkene or alkyne and hydrogen halide (HX) when the negative part of the reagent (X^-) attaches to the alkene carbon that has fewer number of hydrogen atoms across the double bond.’