| Empirical Formula | Molecular Formula |
|---|---|---|
Essence | The empirical formula is the first primitive information available to identify the kind of atom of various elements present in one molecule of a chemical compound without revealing their exact numbers. | Once the empirical formula identifies the atoms present, their exact number is disclosed using the molecular formula. |
London dispersion force is the weakest of the three van Der Waal forces of interactions universally found in all the atoms and molecules. It is caused by the constant fluctuations in the electron position, creating a temporary dipole. When other nonpolar molecules are in its vicinity, the instantaneous temporary dipole formed earlier distorts the electron cloud of an adjacent molecule, creating another dipole.
Aspect | Atomic Orbitals (AOs) | Molecular Orbitals (MOs) |
|---|---|---|
Definition | Simple regions around the nucleus of an atom where there’s a high probability of finding an electron and these regions is represented as spheres, or lobes. | A region in a molecule where electrons are likely to be found, formed by the combination of atomic orbitals of two or more atoms. |
The drawbacks of Friedel Craft Alkylation, such as polyalkylation and rearrangements, are overcome by FC Acylation Reaction.
Reduction is defined as, the elimination of oxygen or any electronegative element from a substance.
Example,
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l) (removal of oxygen)
2FeCl3(aq) + H2(g) → 2FeCl2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) (removal of electronegative element, chlorine)
Or
In a regular trigonal planar molecular geometry, a central atom is surrounded by three equally spaced substituents in one plane, so joining the three corners would give a triangle.
When the atoms combining to form molecules are of the same type, it is a homoatomic molecule. For example, when two Hydrogen atoms (2H) combine under an appropriate reaction condition, a Hydrogen molecule (H2) is formed.
A homoatomic molecule can be diatomic (like elemental hydrogen, H2), triatomic (like ozone, O3), or polyatomic (like sulphur allotrope, S8).
The process of transforming a freshly prepared precipitate to a colloidal sol by shaking it with a small amount of electrolyte having an ion common to the precipitate, in a dispersion medium is known as the peptization, and the electrolyte used for such a purpose is called the peptization agent.
A metallic solid is made of many metal atoms composed of kernels and electrons, the positive kernels held in arrays while the negative electrons float around them, at the same time, attracted to each other due to their opposite electrostatic nature and engaged in bonding known as the metallic bond.
Learning Objective: To study which intermolecular forces and structural features affect the solubility of organic compounds in water.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Hydrophobicity