Organic Chemistry Questions and Short Answers

There are three types of Van der Waal’s force- Keesom Forces, Debye forces, and London Dispersion forces. Amongst the three types, the London Dispersion forces are the weakest interactions.

London dispersion forces are weak intermolecular forces found in all atoms and molecules. However, it is an exclusive force binding the nonpolar molecules due to their lack of functional groups, avoiding competing interactions.

The bond angle is the angle at which two adjacent bonds converge and meet at the central atom in molecules. 

All atoms and molecules show London Dispersion Force, a primary way atoms and molecules interact. Most of the time, molecules have additional stronger forces than the London Dispersion Force, which is the weakest. Therefore, London Dispersion forces are exclusively seen in the nonpolar molecules since they don't have other competing functional groups leading to other interfering intermolecular interactions.

A radical reaction usually happens in three steps- Initiation (creation of free radicals), Propagation (multiplication and growth of radical reaction), and Termination (stopping of the free radical reaction).

Radical inhibitors are chemical species that inhibit radical reactions by halting the chain propagation step.

Examples of such inhibitors are Hydroquinone, BHT (2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol), etc.

A metal atom is large, so the nucleus cannot attract and hold its outermost electrons. The metal loses those electrons and becomes positively charged kernels. The electrons then flow in the solid structure passing between these positive kernels.

Several characteristic properties of the metals are due to the nature of the metallic bond. Some unique properties include- 

1. High Melting and Boiling points: 

Dipole-dipole interactions occur in polar molecules where the difference in electronegativity between the combining atoms creates positive and negative dipoles. These opposite poles align and result in electrostatic attraction throughout the polar medium. So, naturally, the strength of the interaction would depend on the magnitude of the charges and their distance, explained by the Coulombic law. So, the higher the magnitude of the charges and the lesser the distance between them, the stronger the dipole-dipole attractive interaction.

Pre-Requisite Reading: Nucleophiles, Electrophiles