Organic Chemistry Questions and Short Answers

A carbocation is a positively charged, electron-deficient carbon atom that acts as a reactive intermediate in many organic reactions.

IUPAC, an international body engaged in developing standards for naming chemical elements and compounds, has laid several rules known as 'IUPAC rules' to identify a molecule by its parent alkane chain and the functional group. It has assigned various suffixes to identify organic chemistry's commonly seen functional groups.

If the size of a nonpolar atom is greater, it means that the atom has a higher number of electron containing orbitals. The outer electrons are away from experiencing the inward attractive pull of the nucleus (nuclear charge) and capable of undergoing electron-cloud distortion or polarization. 

A carbocation is a positively charged, electron-deficient carbon ion that acts as a reactive intermediate in many organic reactions.

The central carbon in a carbocation has only 6 valence electrons instead of the preferred 8 by covalent bonding. As a result, it has only three covalent bonds and, therefore, trivalent.

Inductive, along with resonance effects, are permanent effects.

The atoms or groups of atoms causing the inductive effect are part of the molecule. Depending on the atom's nature (electron-withdrawing or donating), the groups causing the molecule's inductive effect can impact the molecule's stability and physical and chemical properties. 

There are three types of Van der Waal’s forces: Keesom Forces, Debye forces, and London Dispersion forces.

London dispersion force is the weakest of the three van Der Waal forces of interactions universally found in all the atoms and molecules. It is caused by the constant fluctuations in the electron position, creating a temporary dipole. When other nonpolar molecules are in its vicinity, the instantaneous temporary dipole formed earlier distorts the electron cloud of an adjacent molecule, creating another dipole.

Atom, the omnipresent particle that builds the universe, hides its identity in a tiny, sub-atomic particle- the proton, where the proton number decides the type of the atom. However, an outer-nuclear component- the electrons- determines an atom's reactivity.

In nuclear reactions, the proton number can change so that the atom's identity also changes. However, in organic chemical reactions, only the electron count changes without affecting an atom's identity. 

A carbocation is a reactive intermediate with only 6 valence electrons from the usual 8 electrons for carbon by covalent bonding. This makes the carbon atom bear a positive charge and possess three bonds instead of four.

Pre-Requisite Reading: Electronegativity

Classification of covalent bonds 

A covalent bond is formed between two similar or dissimilar atoms (Ex: Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Halogen).