Organic Chemistry Questions and Short Answers

London Dispersion forces are seen in all the atoms and the molecules; however, it is the exclusive force binding nonpolar molecules. Nonpolar molecules are made of two or more atoms, and the electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond is less than 0.5. Therefore, no charges are separated to create poles in nonpolar molecules or atoms. Despite not having poles, nonpolar molecules interact using a weak force of attraction known as the London Forces.

IUPAC, an international body engaged in developing standards for naming chemical elements and compounds, has laid several rules known as 'IUPAC rules' to identify a molecule by its parent alkane chain and the functional group. It has assigned various suffixes to identify organic chemistry's commonly seen functional groups.

A covalent bond holding two atoms is made of two electrons. The bond can cleave or break in two ways - equally (homolytic fission) or unequally (heterolytic fission). 

A heterolytic bond cleavage results in unequal bond-breaking where one atom in the bond retains both the bond electrons. 

Around the early 1800s, scientists began to notice the presence of isomerism in all types of compounds; however, at the time, it was referred to using different names.

The term allotrope was used to describe different varieties of an element that existed in different physical forms, such as diamond or graphite for carbon or monoclinic or rhombic for sulfur. Polymorphism was used to explain compounds that occurred in more than one crystalline form, like aragonite and calcite, both crystalline forms of calcium carbonate.

A metallic bond is a chemical bond seen in metals consisting of tightly bound metal atoms of the same type. 

Metals are large atoms that do not firmly hold their outermost valence electrons and easily lose them. Once the electrons are lost, the metal atoms become positively charged, called kernels. The position of these kernels is fixed to avoid repulsions and is part of the solid structure. 

If a two-electron covalent bond breaks symmetrically, each of the two atoms receive one electron; it is a homolytic bond cleavage.

A homolytic cleavage is shown using a fish-hook arrow, which implies one-electron movement.

The atoms or group of atoms are classified based on the Inductive effect as electron-withdrawing (-I) or electron-donating (+I) relative to Hydrogen.

The common functional groups showing +I and -I effect are: