Debye intermolecular forces of attraction occur between polar and nonpolar atoms or molecules. When closely placed with a polar molecule (electronegativity difference between 0.5-1.7), the electron cloud of the nonpolar atom (or molecule) is influenced and distorted, leading to the formation of temporary dipoles. As the polarity is induced (forced) in the otherwise nonpolar atom, the Debye forces are said to show an Induction effect.
A covalent bond holding two atoms is made of two electrons. The bond can cleave or break in two ways - equally (homolytic fission) or unequally (heterolytic fission).
A heterolytic bond cleavage results in unequal bond-breaking where one atom in the bond retains both the bond electrons.
A carbocation is a reactive intermediate with only 6 valence electrons from the usual 8 electrons for carbon by covalent bonding. This makes the carbon atom bear a positive charge and possess three bonds instead of four.
An easy way to identify organic compounds is to look for several atoms in a long chain. These long chains are covalent bonds. So, the length of the bond and the factors affecting it becomes very important.
Such a bond formation occurs only when the atoms that want to form covalent bonds have the right concentration, orientation, and speed.
A metal atom is large, so the nucleus cannot attract and hold its outermost electrons. The metal loses those electrons and becomes positively charged kernels. The electrons then flow in the solid structure passing between these positive kernels.
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Water at room temperature is liquid in nature due to the hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules (H2O). The close association is hard to break; therefore, water boils at a high temperature of 100oC. The high temperature breaks the Hydrogen bond links to free individual H2O molecules.