Organic Chemistry
Types of Equivalent Hydrogens (structurally and chemically similar)
The Hydrogens attached to a Carbon atom are said to be equivalent if they are in a same chemical environment. Same chemical environment means that under a reaction condition, these hydrogens would lose their identities of being attached to separate Carbons and behave like an identical set.
Impact of Hydrogen bonding on Physical Properties - Melting and boiling point, Solubility, and State
Learning Objective: To learn about the impact Hydrogen bonding has on the physical properties of melting/boiling points, state, solubility, and reaction rates.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Importance of Ion - Dipole Interaction
Learning Objective: To learn with examples the application of ion-dipole interactions in our daily lives.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Chapter: Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are collective forces in organic chemistry that cause atoms and molecules to stick together and interact; therefore, they are electrostatic in nature. The collective strength of these electrostatic interactions can affect a compound's physical properties, like melting and boiling points, density, refractive index, solubility, and others.
Almost all atoms and molecules interact through intermolecular forces, an inherent property resulting from the presence of electrons.
Differences between Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
Aspect | Valence Bond Theory (VBT) | Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) |
|---|---|---|
Basic Concept | Describes chemical bonding as the overlap of atomic orbitals, forming localized bonds. | Describes bonding by combining atomic orbitals into molecular orbitals that are delocalized over the molecule. |
Bonding Explanation | Focuses on bonds as being localized between two specific atoms. |
Average Atomic Mass (How to Calculate)
Learning Objective: To learn about the average atomic mass and how to calculate it from its isotopic mass and natural abundance.
Skill Level – Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Hydrogen Bonding - Introduction and Occurrence
This section mainly introduces Hydrogen bond interaction, how to visualize a hydrogen bond, how it occurs, and a few examples of molecules that show Hydrogen bonding.