Finding Valence and Core Electrons in Same Group Elements
Q) How many valence electrons do the following elements have -
a) Carbon and Silicon
b) Nitrogen and Phosphorus
c) Oxygen and sulfur
d) Magnesium and Calcium
Organic Chemistry
What factors affect the metallic bond strength?
A metal atom is large, so the nucleus cannot attract and hold its outermost electrons. The metal loses those electrons and becomes positively charged kernels. The electrons then flow in the solid structure passing between these positive kernels.
Preliminary Qualitative Analysis of some Organic Compounds
Learning Objective: To study how to determine by qualitative analysis the physical properties of the state, nature, odor, color, solubility, and physical constants of an unknown organic compound.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Drawing organic structures- Polygon formula
Organic compounds in which carbon atoms are joined in a ring, unlike the open-chain counterparts, are represented using the polygon formula. These cyclic polygons do not show carbon and hydrogen atoms. The corner of a polygon represents a carbon atom with its required number of hydrogen atom(s), and the sides of the polygon represent a carbon-carbon bond.
Ease of Formation of Carbanion - Acidic Proton
Learning Objective: To compare different molecular structures with their pKa values to understand which structures can easily form and effectively stabilize a carbanion.
Skill Level - Advanced
Prerequisites:
Acidity
Which side of an unsymmetrical alkene does the reagent attack and why?
Alkenes are double bonds containing molecules. These double bonds are called pie bonds and are made up of two electrons. Due to the presence of the pie electron cloud, alkenes are electron-rich species and interact with electron-deficient species, the electrophiles. The reaction between alkenes and the electrophiles is an addition reaction.
Pi bond
Once the sigma bonds are formed, any additional electrons in the perpendicular unhybridized p-atomic orbitals engage in side-to-side or lateral overlap to form an additional bond known as the pi bond. The symbol π denotes the pi bond, drawn as an additional line over the sigma bond in the molecular structure.
Ion - Induced Dipole Interactions | Introduction, Strength and Occurrence
Learning Objective: To learn about the ion-induced dipole interactions, their strength, and their occurrence.
Skill Level - Intermediate
Prerequisites:
Electrochemistry
A branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of chemical energy and electrical energy taking place via the redox reactions.
It studies how a spontaneous redox reaction capable of generating chemical energy converts it into electrical energy. Example, Electrochemical cell.
Or how the use of electrical energy can bring about a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Example, Electrolytic cell.
Difference between Electrophiles and Lewis Acids
Pre-Requisite Reading: Nucleophiles, Electrophiles