Newman Projection is a way of representing the spatial relationship of groups attached to two adjacent carbon atoms in a molecule. The angle at which the observer makes this observation occurs when they try to visualize the molecule head-on along the bond axis joining the two atoms, such that one carbon atom is seen as a front and the other as a rear.
An atom has a central, dense, tightly packed nucleus with a diameter of 10-15 m compared to an atom at 10-10 m, a size equivalent to a marble in a football stadium. Therefore, the nucleus makes up less than 0.01 % of the atom's volume.
The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons as subatomic particles bound firmly by the nuclear force.
A Neutron is an uncharged, neutral subatomic particle found in an atom's nucleus, denoted as n or n0.
Nucleophiles are an atom or a group of atoms that are richer by two electrons and donate these electrons to electron-deficient species, the electrophiles.
Donating the electrons from the nucleophile to the electrophile creates a new two-electron covalent bond.