O

Atoms generally form bonding arrangements that give them filled shells of electrons like a noble gas configuration. The stability the atom aims for is that of its nearest noble gas.

For example, Lithium (Z = 3, Electronic Configuration = 1s², 2s¹) of the second row would prefer losing one electron to become Li⁺ (Z = 3, Electronic Configuration = 1s²) having an electronic arrangement similar to its nearest noble gas Helium (Z = 2, Electronic Configuration = 1s²). 

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies transformations at three levels- macroscopic (visual changes like rotting of an apple), microscopic (atoms, elements, electrons, involved), and symbolic (representing changes using bond breaking and making, electron transfer arrows). It, therefore, studies structures, composition, properties, formation, and reactions of various compounds, mainly carbon-containing compounds, to fully understand transformations.

When an atom is surrounded by six substituents, arranged in a manner that four are in one plane, one above and below, and their vertices join to give eight faces (octa-hedrons), such a molecular geometry is octahedral.

Since it looks like two pyramids projecting out from a square base, the geometry is also called square bipyramidal.

Oxidation Reaction according to the Classical Concept

Oxidation is Defined as, the addition of Oxygen or any other electronegative element to a substance.

Example,

2Mg_(s) + O_2(g) → 2MgO (addition of oxygen)

Mg_(s) + Cl_2(g) → MgCl₂ (addition of electronegative element, chlorine)

Or

As the removal of Hydrogen or any other electropositive element from a substance.

Example,

For an electrode in contact with an electrolyte solution having similar ionic nature, if the tendency of the electrode is to lose electrons and undergo oxidation reaction, the electrode is said to have an oxidation potential. Example, Zn electrode dipped in the ZnSO₄ electrolyte solution.