London Dispersion, a type of Vander Waal Force, is the weakest of the three types, yet, it is the only one universally present in all the atoms and molecules.
In most cases, it is present in addition to the other forces; however, it is exclusively observed in nonpolar atoms and molecules devoid of any functional groups and, therefore, possess no other overpowering interactions. Examples are He, CH4, I2, C(CH3)4, etc.
Lone pair is a set of electrons present in an atom’s valence shell that did not participate in a covalent bond formation reaction; therefore, they are also called the non-bonding electrons.
While drawing the molecules’ structure, the lone pair electrons on shown as dots (..) above the atom.
An equimolar (1:1) mixture of a Lewis acid anhydrous ZnCl2 and concentrated HCl- Lucas Reagent, is used to identify and classify unknown alcohol (R-OH) as primary (1o), secondary (2o) or tertiary (3o). The Lucas test is based on the speed at which corresponding insoluble alkyl chlorides (R-Cl) are formed post reaction. The formation of alkyl chlorides solution appears as cloudiness/emulsion, and it is correlated with the reactivity of the alcohol, 3o alcohol being the most and 1o being the least.
Of all the electrons that form part of an atom, the valence electrons are the only ones that participate when atoms combine to form a bond. In ionic bonding, electrons are transferred (either lost or gained), whereas in covalent bonding, two electrons are shared between the two atoms. Double or triple bonds are formed when atoms share more than one electron pair. The atoms do so to attain the stable octet configuration of 8 electrons in their valence shell.
The substances that on mixing with a suitable dispersion medium readily form a colloidal sol are called lyophilic (solvent loving) and the sols thus formed are known as the lyophilic sols.
A regular, periodic three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules indicating their positions in a crystalline solid.
A Lattice point is the position in the unit cell or in a crystal where the probability of finding an atom or an ion is the highest. In other words, the atoms or ions occupy the lattice points in a crystalline solid.
