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sp3 Carbon

A sp3 hybridized carbon is a tetravalent carbon that forms four single covalent bonds with itself or atoms of other p-block elements to its right, namely Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Halogens. It also forms a bond with elements capable of forming covalent bonds, such as hydrogen. 

The bonds formed are of equal strength and at an angle of 109.5o due to which the central carbon atom is tetrahedral in shape. Example, carbon of an alkane or an alkyl group.

 

 

An sp3 carbon depending on the number and the type of neighbor can be further be classified as primary (1o), secondary (2o), tertiary (3o), quaternary (4o), allylic and benzylic.

 

Read more about sp3 hybridization of Carbon

 

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Covalent Bond

Organic Chemistry Tutorials - CurlyArrows Premium

What is Organic Chemistry?

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Atom

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  • Power of Protons
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  • The Electrons- An Atom’s Reactive Component
  • Atomic Orbitals- s, p, d, f
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Bonding In Atoms

  • Octet Rule - Introduction and Bonding
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  • Ionic Bond- Introduction and Formation
  • Formation of Ionic Compound
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  • Appearance and Nature of Ionic Compounds
  • Physical Properties of Ionic Solids- Conductance, Solubility, Melting Point, and Boiling Point
  • Covalent Bond - How it Forms
  • Covalent Bond - Why it Forms?
  • Covalent Bond - Bond Pair (Single, Double, Triple) and Lone Pair
  • Number of Covalent Bonds- Valency
  • Types of Covalent Bonds- Polar and Nonpolar
  • Metallic Bond - Introduction and Nature
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Covalent Bond

  • Theories on Covalent Bond Formation
  • Valence Bond Theory- Introduction and Covalent Bond Formation
  • Valence Bond Theory- Types of Orbital Overlap Forming Covalent Bonds
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  • Hybridization- Introduction and Types
  • sp3 Hybridization of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
  • sp2 Hybridization of Carbon, Carbocation, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
  • sp Hybridization of Carbon and Nitrogen
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  • The shape of sp hybrid orbital - Why is the lobe unequal?
  • VSEPR Theory- Introduction
  • Difference between Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Structure
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  • Electron Wave Property, LCAO and MOT - Introduction
  • Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Formation of Sigma and Pie bonds using MO Approach
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  • Covalent bond Characteristics - Bond Length
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Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond

  • Electronegativity- Introduction
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Common Types of Reactions

  • Classification of common reactions based on mechanisms
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Drawing Organic Structures

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Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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Structural Isomerism

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Intermolecular Forces

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Physical Properties

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Fundamentals of Organic Reactions

  • Types of Arrows Used in Chemistry
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  • Electrophiles - Introduction, Identification and Reaction
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  • Leaving Group - Introduction and Nature
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Reactive Intermediates

  • Carbocation - Introduction, Nature, and Types
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  • Carbanion - Introduction, Nature, and Types
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  • Free Radical - Introduction and Types of Carbon-Centred Radicals
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Stereoisomerism - Conformation and Configurational Isomerism

  • Conformations in Organic Chemistry - An Introduction
  • How are Conformational Isomers Depicted
  • Open Chain and Closed Chain Conformations
  • Nomenclature related to sp3-sp3 and sp3-sp2 bond rotations
  • Conformational Analysis
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions |Hyperconjugation
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Stabilizing Interactions | Dipole Minimizations
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Steric strain
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Torsional strain
  • Factors affecting the stability of conformers - Destabilizing Interactions | Angle strain
  • Importance of Conformational Analysis
  • Conformation in Compounds with Lone Pairs
  • Role of Solvents in Conformations
  • An Example of Conformation Dependent Reaction and Product Selectivity
  • Geometrical Isomerism - Introduction
  • Impact of cis-trans isomerism on physical properties
  • Impact of cis-trans isomerism on chemical reactions
  • Scope of Geometrical Isomerism in Biological Systems and Industrial Applications
  • E/Z Nomenclature in Substituted Alkenes
     

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