Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in how the atoms are bonded to each other; that is, their attachment style is different.
Such molecules that differ by bonds while still having the same molecular formula are also known as constitutional isomers.
In a regular tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is surrounded by four substituents that occupy the four corners of a tetrahedron. The substituents are called ligands if the central atom is a metal.
Threshold energy is the minimum kinetic energy the molecules must have to bring about effective collisions between two reactant molecules considered as hard spheres, resulting in a chemical reaction.
Therefore,
Threshold energy= Average of the initial kinetic energy possessed by the reactants + Activation energy (Ea)
In a regular trigonal planar molecular geometry, a central atom is surrounded by three equally spaced substituents in one plane, so joining the three corners would give a triangle.
The unit used to describe the mass of an atom is the unified atomic mass unit, symbolized as amu or μ.
The standard used for measuring the mass of an atom is a 12C atom. Carbon-12 (12C) is an isotope of Carbon with 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons.
The unified atomic mass unit is defined as exactly 1/12 th the mass of one Carbon-12 atom.
The outermost electrons of an atom that are mostly involved in bonding reactions are called valence electrons. These electrons are farthest from the nucleus and have high energy.
For example, the total number of electrons in Lithium is three distributed in two energy levels, closest to farthest from the nucleus- 1s2 2s1.
Vander Waals is an attractive universal force that operates when the atoms and molecules are within a distance range of 0.4- 0.6 nm.
The attractive force closely gathers the atoms and molecules, so their collective strength can affect the state and other physical properties like melting and boiling points, viscosity, etc.
The ylide is an electrically neutral molecule that has a negative carbon with an unshared electron pair (usually a carbanion) adjacent to a positive heteroatom (typically nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur), where both the atoms have full octets (eight electrons in their valence shell).
The bond between the carbanion and positive heteroatom is best described as a polar covalent bond with significant ionic and double-bond character, depending on the ylide type.
A rule stating that an elimination reaction will give as the major product the most stable alkene, that is, the alkene with the most highly substituted double bond.
For example, dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halide 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane can proceed in two ways to give two types of alkenes, of which only one is a major product.