Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies transformations at three levels- macroscopic (visual changes like rotting of an apple), microscopic (atoms, elements, electrons, involved), and symbolic (representing changes using bond breaking and making, electron transfer arrows). It, therefore, studies structures, composition, properties, formation, and reactions of various compounds, mainly carbon-containing compounds, to fully understand transformations.
Oxidation is Defined as, the addition of Oxygen or any other electronegative element to a substance.
Example,
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO (addition of oxygen)
Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2 (addition of electronegative element, chlorine)
Or
As the removal of Hydrogen or any other electropositive element from a substance.
Example,
For an electrode in contact with an electrolyte solution having similar ionic nature, if the tendency of the electrode is to lose electrons and undergo oxidation reaction, the electrode is said to have an oxidation potential. Example, Zn electrode dipped in the ZnSO4 electrolyte solution.
The process of transforming a freshly prepared precipitate to a colloidal sol by shaking it with a small amount of electrolyte having an ion common to the precipitate, in a dispersion medium is known as the peptization, and the electrolyte used for such a purpose is called the peptization agent.
Periods in chemistry refer to the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table, which represent all 118 elements across 7 rows.
The periods run from left to right, with each consecutive element increasing in atomic number by 1.
Periods 1, 2, and 3 have 2, 8, and 8 elements, whereas periods 4, 5, 6, and 7 have 18, 18, 32, and 32 elements.
A permanent dipole is an inherent feature of the molecule due to the nature of the participating atoms forming the two-electron covalent bond.
Some atoms withdraw more of the bond electrons towards themselves, increasing their electron density and leaving the other end electron deficient. This unequal electron charge distribution creates positive and negative poles (denoted with δ+, δ- signs), causing the molecule to have permanent poles or a dipole.
Physical properties identify the substance's unique nature by subjecting the substance to qualitative and quantitative measurements. In these experiments, the substance does not undergo destruction or reconstitution of its composition but can change states/phases.
Once the sigma bonds are formed, any additional electrons in the perpendicular unhybridized p-atomic orbitals engage in side-to-side or lateral overlap to form an additional bond known as the pi bond. The symbol π denotes the pi bond, drawn as an additional line over the sigma bond in the molecular structure.
A proton is one of the subatomic particles found in every atom’s nucleus, denoted as p or p+.
Reduction is defined as, the elimination of oxygen or any electronegative element from a substance.
Example,
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l) (removal of oxygen)
2FeCl3(aq) + H2(g) → 2FeCl2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) (removal of electronegative element, chlorine)
Or